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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What two categories of cell make up the nervous system? |
- Neurons (excitable cells) - Glial cells (support cells) |
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What cells myelinate the neurons of the nervosu system? |
- Oligodendrocytes in the CNS - Schwann cells in the PNS |
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In the CNS, what makes up grey matter? |
Collections of cell bodies and non-myelinated axons. |
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In the CNS, what makes up white matter? |
Collections of myelinated axons. |
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What are collections of neuronal bodies known as outside the CNS? |
Ganglions. |
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What is the cerebrum of the brain often described as? |
The 'seat of conciousness' |
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What are the general functions of the cerebellum? |
Balance and co-ordination. |
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Where is the cardiorespiratory vital centre situated? |
In the brainstem. |
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Name the three memingial layers that surround the CNS. (from external to internal) |
- Dura mater - Arachnoid mater - Pia mater |
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Where is the sub-arachnoid space? |
The space between the arachnoid and the pia mater that is filled with CSF. |
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What are the ventricles of the brain and where do they lie? |
- Lateral ventricles (within the cerebral hemispheres) - 3rd ventricle (cavity within the diencephalon) - Cerebral aqueduct (within the midbrain) - 4th ventricle (within the hindbrain) |
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What are the functions of CSF. |
- Protects brain and neural tissues - Transports gases, nutrients and wastes - Helps maintain intra cranial pressure |
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Where is CSF produced? |
In the choroid plexus cells lining the ventricles of the brain. |
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What type of cell are choroid plexus cells? |
- Modified ependymal cells |
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What 3 components make up the blood brain barrier? |
1. Tight junction endothelium capillaries 2. Thick basal lamina 3. Foot processes of astrocytes |
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What 3 things does the autonomic nervous system innervate? |
1. Viscerl organs 2. Smooth muscle 3. Secretory glands |
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What level of the spinal cord has sympathetic outflow? |
- Thoracolumbar - T1-12 - L1-2 |
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What level of the spinal cord has parasympathetic outflow? |
- Craniosacral - C3-10 - S2-4 |
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Define lower motor neurones. |
Spinal and cranial nerves that directly innervate muscle. |
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Define upper motor neurones. |
piuh |
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Define aphasia. |
- Loss of speach or difficulty speaking - Usually via damage of speech centres in the left hemisphere. |
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Define dysarthia. |
- Slowed and slurred speach - Language is intact |
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Where is CSF re-absorbed? |
In the dural venous sinuses of the brain. |
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What type of nerves does the posterios/ dorsal column of the spinal cord carry? |
- Spino-thalamic sensory - Fine touch - Vibration - Proprioception - CROSSES IN PONS |
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What type of nerves does the laterl tracts of the spinal cord carry? |
- Spino-thalamic sensory - Pain - Temperature - CROSSES WHERE IT ENTERS PONS |
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What type of nerves does the anterior column of the spinal cord carry? |
- Purely motor - Movement - Muscle tone - Autonomic functions - CROSSES IN MEDULLA |
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What type of nerves does the pyramydeal tract of the spinal cord carry? |
- Purely motor - Voluntary skilled movements - CROSSES IN PYRAMIDEAL TRACTS OF MEDULLA OBLONGATA |
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How do reflexes present with an UMN lesion? |
- Reflexes are exadurated |
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How do reflexes present with a LMN lesion? |
- Reflexes are reduced |
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Name a monosynpatic reflex. |
The stretch reflex. |
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Name a polysynaptic reflex. |
The flexor and crossed extensor reflex. |
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What are the two main input nuclei of the basal ganglia? |
- Putamen - Caudate |
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What are the putamen and caudate sometimes refered to as? |
- Striatum |
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What are the two main output nuclei of the basal ganglia? |
- Globus palladus - Substantia nigra |
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What is the does the direct pathway of the basal ganglia involve? |
- Shutting off the globus palladus so it can no longer inhibit the thalamus. |
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What is the does the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia involve? |
- The subthalamic nucleus strengthening the signal of the globus palladus to further inhibit the thalamus - (Stops unwanted movements) |
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Explain the awake EEG pattern. |
- Lots of cells doing lots of different things - High frequency low amplitude |
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Describe muscle tone during REM sleep. |
Muscles totally inhibited apart from eye muscles. |
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When is delta sleep most prominent? |
During the first half of the night. |
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What is REM sleep important for in adults? |
- Filtering information and building memories |
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What is the EEG pattern for nightmares? |
- REM sleep with pontine (PGO) spikes |
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When does sleep walking occur? |
N4/ Delta sleep |
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How is arousal from sleep stimulated? |
The ascending reticular activating system of the midbrain. |
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What part of the brain controls the circadian rythm? |
- Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. |
