Nervous System

Front 1

the _________ causes muscles to contract, resulting in facial expressions and joint movements such as those involved in _________ & __________

Back 1

- Nervous system
- mastication
- speech

Front 2

The nervous system stimulates _______ to secrete and regulate many other systems of the body such as the ________.

Back 2

- glands
- vascular system

Front 3

The nervous system also allows for sensation to be percieved such as ______ & ______

Back 3

pain & touch

Front 4

The nervous system has two main divisions:

Back 4

- Central nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous System

Front 5

______ is the cellular component of nervous system

Back 5

neuron

Front 6

_______ is a bundle of neural processes outside of the CNS and in the PNS

Back 6

Nerve

Front 7

a ________ is the junction between 2 neurons or between a neuron and an effector organ, where neural impulses are transmitted

Back 7

synapse

Front 8

in order to function, most tissues of organs have ________, a supply of nerves to the body portion

Back 8

innervation

Front 9

________ is an accumulation of nueron cell bodies outside the CNS

Back 9

ganglion

Front 10

Two types of nerves

Back 10

- afferent
- efferent

Front 11

Afferent nerves ___________ the CNS and involve _________ information

Back 11

- approaching
- sensory (taste, pain, proprioception)

Front 12

Efferent nerves _________ the CNS and involve ________ information

Back 12

- exit
- motor information (muscle activation)(may control hundreds of muscle fibers)

Front 13

The __________ has an unequal distribution of ions and electrical charges between two sides of the membrane

Back 13

neuron plasma membrane

Front 14

The fluid on the outside of the membrane has a ______ charge and the fluid on the inside has a _______ charge and the difference in this charge is the _________

Back 14

- positive (+)
- negative (-)
- resting potential

Front 15

______ ions are more heavily concentrated outside the membrane, while _________ ions are more heavily concentrated inside the membrane

Back 15

- Sodium (Na+)
- Potassium (K+)

Front 16

The imbalance of the plasma membrane is maintained by the active tranpsort of ions against their concentration gradients by the ____________

Back 16

- sodium(Na+)-potassium(K+) pump

Front 17

The rapid depolarization of the cell membrane, called __________, results in the propagation of the nerve impulse along the membrane. an ________ is a temporary reveral of the electrical potential along the membrane for a brief period (less than a millisecond)

Back 17

- action potential
- action potential

Front 18

Sodium gates open allowing _______ ions to pour in and at the height of the membrane potential reversal the sodium gates close and potassium channels open to allow _______ ions to pass to the outside of the membrane, reestablishing the resting potential. The changed ionic distributions must be reset by the continuously running ___________

Back 18

- sodium ions
- potassium ions
- sodium-potassium pump

Front 19

after passage of the action potential, there is a brief period during which the membrane cannot be stimulated, this is called the

Back 19

refractory period

Front 20

the refractory period prevents

Back 20

the impulse from being transmitted backward along the membrane (prevents reversal of charge direction)

Front 21

To have the impulse cross the synapse to another cell requires the actions of chemical agents or __________ from the neuron which are discharged with the arrival of the action potential

Back 21

Neurotransmitters

Front 22

_________ cause ion channels to open or close in the second cell prompting changes in the excitabilty of that cell's membrane

Back 22

Neurotransmitters

Front 23

____________ such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine (in most organs) make it more likely that an action potential will be trigered in the second cell.

Back 23

Exitatory neurotransmitters

Front 24

__________ such as dopamine and serotonin make an action potential in the second cell less likely.

Back 24

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

Front 25

some neurological diseases are associated with imbalances of neurotransmitters such as

Back 25

- Parkinson's disease - dopamine deficiency
- Huntington's chorea - loss of another inhibitory neurotransmitter
- Alzeimer's disease - loss of Ach-producing neurons

Front 26

Among the drugs that affect neurotransmitter function is _______, which blocks the uptake of norepinephrine while stimulating the uptake of dopamine

Back 26

cocaine

Front 27

special neurotransmitters involved with the sensation of pain in the central nervous system are _______, which are natural opioids that produce elation and reduction of pain, as do unatural neurotransmitting chemicals such as _____ & ______

Back 27

- endorphins
- opium
- heroin

Front 28

_______ is the loss of feeling or sensation resulting from the use of certain drugs or gases that serve as inhibitory neurotransmitters

Back 28

Anesthesia

Front 29

________ mimics inhibitory neurontransmitters by decreasing neuron's ability to generate an action potential

Back 29

Lidocaine

Front 30

______ is composed of the brain and spinal cord

Back 30

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Front 31

The ______ is surrounded by bone, either the skull or vertebrae, with fluid and tissue serving

Back 31

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Front 32

The major divisions of the brain include

Back 32

- cerebrum
- cerebellum
- brainstem
- diencephalon

Front 33

the ________ is the largest division of the brain and consists of two cerebral hemispheres

Back 33

Cerebrum

Front 34

The ________ coordinates sensory data and motor functions and governs many aspects of intelligence and reasoning, learning and memory

Back 34

Cerebrum

Front 35

the ________ is the second largest division of the brain, after the cerebrum

Back 35

Cerebellum

Front 36

The ________ functions to produce muscle coordination and maintains normal muscle tone and posture, as well as coordinating balance

Back 36

Cerebellum

Front 37

the _________ has a number of divisions including the medulla, pons, and midbrain

Back 37

brainstem

Front 38

The _______ is closest to the spinal cord and is involved with the regulation of heartbeat, breathing, vasoconstriction (blood pressure), and reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and hiccupping.

Back 38

medulla

Front 39

The cell bodies of the motor neurons for the tongue are located in the

Back 39

medulla

Front 40

the ______ connects the medulla with the cerebellum and with higher brain centers

Back 40

pons

Front 41

Cell bodies for cranial nerves V and VII are found in the

Back 41

pons

Front 42

The ________ includes relay stations for hearing, vision, and motor pathways

Back 42

midbrain

Front 43

Superior to the brainstem is the __________, which consists primarily of the thalmus and hypothalmus

Back 43

diencephalon

Front 44

the _________ serves as a central relay point for incoming nerve impulses, and the __________ regulates homeostasis (it has regulatory areas for thirst, hunger, body temperature, water balance, and blood pressure, and links nervous system to the endocrine system)

Back 44

- thalmus
- hypothalmus

Front 45

The ________ runs along the dorsal side of the body and links the brain to the rest of the body

Back 45

spinal cord

Front 46

the spinal cord in adults is encased in a series of bony vertebrae that make up the _________

Back 46

vertebral column

Front 47

the gray matter of the spinal cord constist mostly of __________, and the surrounding white matter is made up of ___________

Back 47

- unmyelinized cell bodies and dendrites
- tracts of axons, insulated in sheaths of myelin, a combination of lipids and proteins

Front 48

Some tracts are ________, and others are _________.

Back 48

- ascending (carrying messages to the brain)
- descending (carrying messages from the brain)

Front 49

The _________ is composed of all the nerves stretching among the CNS and the receptors, muscles, and glands of the body

Back 49

peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Front 50

The PNS is further divided into the _________ or __________

Back 50

- afferent nervous system (carries information from receptores to brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands)
- efferent nervous system (carries information from the brain or spinal cord)

Front 51

Afferent nervous system or sensory, carries information

Back 51

from receptors to the brain or spinal cord

Front 52

Efferent nervous system or motor, carries information

Back 52

from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands

Front 53

The efferent division of the PNS is further subdivided into the ________ and _________

Back 53

- somatic nervous system
- autonomic nervous system

Front 54

the _________ is a subdivision of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system and includes all nerves controlling the muscular system and external sensory receptors

Back 54

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Front 55

External sense organs (including skin) are

Back 55

receptors

Front 56

Muscle fibers and gland cells are

Back 56

effectors

Front 57

Sensory input from the PNS is processed by the ____, and responses are sent to the _____ from the ______ to the organs of the body

Back 57

- CNS
- PNS
- CNS

Front 58

True or False
The motor neurons of the somatic system are distinct from those of the autonomic system

Back 58

True

Front 59

True or False
Inhibitory signals cannot be sent through the motor neurons of the somatic system

Back 59

True

Front 60

The ________ is the other division of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system.

Back 60

Autonomic Nervous System

Front 61

The _________ operates without conscious control as the caretaker of the body

Back 61

Autonomic Nervous System

Front 62

Autonomic fibers are _______ nerves, and they always occur in ______ chains

Back 62

- efferent
- two-nerve

Front 63

The first nerve carries autonomic fibers to a ________, where they end near the cell bodies of the second nerve

Back 63

ganglion

Front 64

The ANS itself has two subdivisions: _________ & ________

Back 64

- sympathetic system
- parasympathetic system

Front 65

Most tissues and organ systems are supplied by _______ division(s) of the ANS

Back 65

- both

Front 66

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems generally work in opposition to each other: one _______ the organ, while the other _______

Back 66

- stimulates
- inhibits

Front 67

The ________ is involved in "fight-or-flight" responses such as the shutdown of salviary gland secretion

Back 67

Sympathetic nervous system

Front 68

Such responses in the sympathetic nervous system such as the shutdown of the salivary gland secretion can lead to

Back 68

dry mouth (xerostomia), decrease in digestion

Front 69

Sympathetic nerves arise in the _________ and relay in ganglia arranged like a chain running up the neck close to the vertebral column on both sides, therefore all the sympathetic neurons in the head have already relayed in a _______

Back 69

- spinal cord
- ganglion

Front 70

Sympathetic fibers reach the cranial tissues they supply by traveling with the

Back 70

arteries

Front 71

The __________ is involved in "rest-or-digest" responses such as the stimulation of salivary gland secretions

Back 71

Parasympathetic nervous system

Front 72

the stimulation of salivary gland secretions by the parasympathetic nervous system leads to

Back 72

salivary flow and increase and aid in digestion

Front 73

the parasympathetic fibers associated with the glands of the head and neck region are carried in various cranial nerves and their ganglia are located in the head, therefore parasympathetic neurons in this region may be either __________ or ________

Back 73

- preganglionic neurons (before relaying in the ganglion)
- postganglionic neurons (after relaying in the ganglion)

Front 74

the principal parasympathetic outflow for glands in the head and neck is carried in the which cranial nerve(s)

Back 74

- seventh & ninth

Front 75

The seventh cranial nerve (facial nerve) has ___ branches involved in glandular secretion. The ________ is associated with the pterygopaltine ganglion, and the _________ is the major target organ. The _________ is associated with the submandibular ganglion, and target organs are _________ and ___________

Back 75

- 2
- greater petrosal nerve
- lacrimal gland
- chorda tympani
- submandibular
- sublingual salivary glands

Front 76

The lesser petrosal nerve, a branch of the ______ cranial nerve is associated with the otic ganglion and the target organ is the ________

Back 76

- ninth cranial nerve (glossopharyngeal nerve)
- parotid salivary gland

Front 77

________ is a loss of muscular action of the muscles of facial expression

Back 77

facial paralysis

Front 78

the causes of facial paralysis include

Back 78

cerebrovascular event or traumatic injury

Front 79

True or false
Facial paralysis can be unilateral or bilateral and transient or permanent depending on the nature of the nerve damage

Back 79

True

Front 80

Transient facial paralysis can occur due to

Back 80

injection into the gland during an incorrectly administered inferior alveolar local anesthetic block

Front 81

Clinically, the patient with facial paralysis has

Back 81

a drooping eyebrow, eyelid, and labial commisure, with a dribbling of saliva. Also an inability to show normal expression, close the eye, or whistle, and speech and mastication are difficult

Front 82

__________ involves unilateral facial paralysis with no known cause, except that there is a loss of excitability of the involved facial nerve

Back 82

Bell's palsy

Front 83

One theory about the cause of Bell's palsy is that the _______ nerve becomes inflammed & the injury to it can occur secondary to injury of the ___________

Back 83

- facial
- parotid salivary gland

Front 84

__________ also has no known cause but involves the afferent nerves of the fifth cranial or trigeminal nerve

Back 84

Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux)

Front 85

Trigeminal neuralgia usually involves the _________ or ________ nerve branches but not the ________ branch of the trigeminal nerve

Back 85

- maxillary
- mandibular
- opthalmic

Front 86

One theory about trigeminal neuralgia is that the lesion is caused by

Back 86

pressure on the sensory root of the trigeminal ganglion by area blood vessels

Front 87

Clinically, the patient with Trigeminal neuralgia feels excruciating short term pain (tic) when

Back 87

facial trigger zones are touched or when speaking or masticating, setting off associated brief muscle spams in the area

Front 88

Treatments of trigeminal neuralgia include

Back 88

- neurectomy
- alcohol injection
- analgesics
- antidepressants
- anticonvulsant drugs