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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What two related systems comprise the cardiorespiratory system? Page 54
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Page 54: The cardiovascular system and the respiratory system
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What two related systems comprise the cardiorespiratory system? Page 54
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Page 54: The cardiovascular system and the respiratory system
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What comprises the cardiovascular system? Page 54
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Page 54: The heart, blood vessels, and blood
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What comprises the respiratory system? Page 54
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Page 54: The trachea, bronchi, alveoli, and the lungs
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What is the function of the cardiorespiratory system? Page 54
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Page 54: to provide the body with adequate oxygen and nutrients and to remove waste products such as carbon dioxide from cells in the body
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What is the heart? Page 55
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Page 55: a muscular pump that rhythmically contracts to push blood throughout the body.
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What is the mediastinum? page 55
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Page 55: The space between the lungs that contain all of the internal organs except the lungs.
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What is the approximate size of the adult heart? Page 55.
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Page 55: approximately the size of a typical adult fist.
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How much does the heart approximately weigh? Page 55
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Page 55: roughly 300 g or approximately 10 ounces.
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What are the three types of muscles? Page 55
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Page 55: cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle
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Cardiac muscle is most similar to what type of muscle? Page 55
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Page 55: it is most similar to skeletal muscle because it contains myofibrils and sarcomeres which are aligned side-by-side
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Describe how involuntary muscles operate. Page 55
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Page 55: they cannot typically be consciously controlled
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List three unique qualities of cardiac muscle fibers. Page 55
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Page 55: compared to skeletal muscles, they are shorter, more tightly connected, and contain intercalated discs
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What is the typical resting heart rate? Page 55
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Page 55: between 70 and 80 bpm
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Which node initiates electrical impulses that determine heart rate? Page 56
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Page 56: the sinoatrial node
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What is another name for the sinoatrial node? Page 56
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Page 56: the pacemaker for the heart
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The internodal pathway transfers impulses from the SA node to which other node? Page 56
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Page 56: the atrioventricular node
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What is the responsibility of the atrium? Page 56
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Page 56: the superior chamber of the heart, it receives blood from veins enforces the blood into the ventricles
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What is the responsibility of the ventricle? Page 56
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Page 56: the inferior chamber of the heart receives blood from the atrium and forces blood into the arteries
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How many hollow chambers comprise the heart? Page 56
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Page 56:4 chambers
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What two septums separate the chambers of the heart? Page 56
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Page 56: the inter-atrial septum which separates the atria and the interventricular septum which separates the ventricles
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What is the right side of the heart referred to as? Page 56
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Page 56: the pulmonic side because it receives blood that is low in oxygen and high and carbon dioxide and then pumps the blood into the lungs and back into the left atria
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What is the left side of the heart referred to as? Page 56
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Page 56: the systemic side because it pumps blood high and oxygen and low and carbon dioxide to the rest of the body
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Which chambers of the heart are smaller? Page 56.
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Page 56: the atria
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What are the two types of valves in the heart? Page 57
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Page 57: atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves
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What is stroke volume? Page 57
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Page 57: the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction
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What is end-diastolic volume? Page 57
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Page 57: the sales volume of the ventricle before contraction
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What is end-systolic volume? Page 57
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Page 57: the residual volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after ejection
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What is heart rate? Page 58
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Page 58: the rate with which the heart beats
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What is the typical heart resting rate for an untrained adult? Page 58
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Page 58: approximately 70-80 beats per minute
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What is cardiac output? Page 58
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Page 58: the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute
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How is cardiac output determined? Page 58
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Page 58: it is a function of heart rate and stroke volume
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Why is monitoring heart rate important during exercise ? Page 58
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Page 58: it provides a good estimate of the amount of work the heart is doing at any given time
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What are the two ways to monitor heart rate? Page 59
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Page 59: either manually or using an electronic device
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When monitoring heart rate during rest, how many seconds should be accounted for? Page 58
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Page 58: for 60 seconds. This allows for some factors which affect resting heart rate including digestion, mental activity, environmental temperature, biological rhythms, body position, and cardiorespiratory fitness.
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How is heart rate determined manually during exercise? Page 58
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Page 58: by counting the number of beats in 6 seconds and multiplying by 10
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What are four main functions of blood? Page 59
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Page 59: supply the body organs and cells with oxygen and nutrients, help regulate body temperature, fight infections, and remove waste products
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What is the name of the water a liquid that contains nutrients? Page 59
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Page 59: plasma
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What nutrients are located in plasma? Page 59
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Page 59: glucose, hormones, and clotting agent
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What are the three kinds of cells in blood? Page 59
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Page 59: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
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What is the responsibility of red blood cells? Page 59
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Page 59: to carry oxygen from the lungs throughout the body
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What is the responsibility of white blood cells? Page 59
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Page 59: to help fight infection
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What is the responsibility of platelets? Page 59
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Page 59: to assist with clotting
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Approximately what percentage of blood volume consists of plasma? Page 59
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Page 59: 55% of the total volume
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Approximately what percentage of the blood is consisted of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets? Page 59
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Page 59: approximately 45% of the total volume
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What are the main mechanisms of blood? Page 59
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Page 59: transportation, regulation, and protection
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What are four things that blood transports? page 59
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Page 59: oxygen to all bodily tissues, removal of waste products, hormones that act as chemical messengers, nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract to various organs and tissues
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How is body temperature regulated? Page 59
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Page 59: blood transfers heat from the internal core out to the periphery of the body and circulate blood throughout the body. As blood travels close to the skin, heat is emitted.
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What are four functions of the transportation mechanism of blood? Page 59
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Page 59: transport oxygen and nutrients to tissues, transport waste products from tissues, transports hormones to organs and tissues, carries heat throughout the body
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What two aspects of the body does blood regulate? Page 59
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Page 59: body temperature and acid balance
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How does blood protect the body? Page 59
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Page 59: from excessive bleeding by clotting, and with specialized immune cells to fight disease and sickness
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What are blood vessels? Page 60
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Page 60: a network of hollow tubes that circulate blood throughout the body
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What are arteries? Page 60
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Page 60: vessels that transport blood away from the heart
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What are capillaries? Page 60
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Page 60: the smallest blood vessels in sight of exchange of chemicals and water between blood and tissues
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What are veins? Page 61
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Page 61: vessels that transport blood toward the heart from the capillaries
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What are the three types of blood vessels? Page 60
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Page 60: arteries, capillaries, veins
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What is the name of the largest artery in the body? Page 61
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Page 61: the aorta which carries blood away from the heart
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What is the function of capillaries? Page 61
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Page 61: the exchange of substances such as oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products between tissues
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What types of veins collect blood from capillaries? Page 61
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Page 61: venules
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What is another name for the respiratory system? Page 61
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Page 61: the pulmonary system
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What is the function of the respiratory system? Page 61
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Page 61: to bring oxygen into the lungs and removes carbon dioxide from the lungs to the outside air
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What are the three components of the respiratory system? Page 61
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Page 61: Airways, lungs, and respiratory muscles
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What is the primary role of the respiratory system? Page 61
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Page 61: to ensure proper cellular function by transporting oxygen from the environment, transferring it to the bloodstream, and transferring carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs and eventually through expiration to the environment
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What is breathing or ventilation? Page 62
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Page 62: the actual process of moving air in and out of the body
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What is the respiratory pump? Page 62
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Page 62: comprised of skeletal structures and soft tissues that work together to allow proper respiratory mechanics
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What is another name for inspiration? Page 62
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Page 62: inhalation
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What is another name for expiration? Page 62
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Page 62: exhalation
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What does normal breathing require of the muscles? Page 62
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Page 62: the use of primary respiratory muscles including the diaphragm and external intercostals
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What does heavy breathing require of the muscles? Page 62
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Page 62: the use of the secondary respiratory muscles including the scalenes and pectoralis minor
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During heavy or forced breathing, what does expiratory ventilation rely on? Page 62
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Page 62: the activity of expiratory muscles to compress the thoracic cavity and force air out
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What is the role of the respiratory pump? Page 62
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Page 62: to assist in pumping blood back to the heart during inspiration
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What is the purpose of ventilation? Page 63
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Page 63: to move air in and out of the body
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How are respiratory passages divided? Page 63
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Page 63: the conducting airways and the respiratory airways
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What are conducting airways? Page 63
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Page 63: all structures that air travels before entering respiratory airways . This includes the nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, right and left pulmonary bronchi, and bronchioles.
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What are respiratory airways? Page 63
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Page 63: the alveoli and the alveolar sacs
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What is diffusion? Page 64
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Page 64: the process of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues of the body
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What is the upper respiratory tract? Page 64
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Page 64: the nasal cavity, nose, and pharynx
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What is the lower respiratory tract? Page 64
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Page 64: the larynx, lungs, and trachea
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What is essential in sustaining life? Page 65
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Page 65: oxygen
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Describe the process in which air moves from the nose into the lungs. Page 65
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Page 65: air flows through the nose and mouth into the trachea down to the bronchi and eventually into the lungs and the alveolar sacs
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What is produced as cells use oxygen? Page 65
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Page 65: carbon dioxide
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How do the cardiovascular and respiratory systems work together? Page 65
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Page 65: by transporting oxygen to the tissues of the body
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What is oxygen uptake or oxygen consumption? Page 65
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Page 65: the use of oxygen by the body
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What is resting oxygen consumption? Page 65
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Page 65: approximately 3.5 milliliters of oxygen per kilogram of body weight per minute , typically termed 1 metabolic equivalent or one MET
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What is maximal oxygen consumption? Page 66
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Page 66: perhaps the best measure of cardiorespiratory fitness
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What is the only way to determine maximal oxygen consumption? Page 66
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Page 66: the direct measure of ventilation, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide produced during maximal exercise test
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What are other methods for estimating maximal oxygen consumption? Page 66
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Page 66: the Rockport walk test, the step test, and the YMCA bike protocol test
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What can excessive breathing lead to? Page 66
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Page 66: altered carbon dioxide and oxygen blood content and to feelings of anxiety that further initiate an excessive breathing response
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What can inadequate oxygen and retention of metabolic waste within muscles lead to? Page 66
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Page 66: the creation of fatigue and stiff muscles
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If a client presents with abnormal breathing patterns, what is the responsibility of the personal fitness trainer? Page 66
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Page 66: to refer the client immediately to a medical professional for assistance
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What can be a way of avoiding abnormal breathing patterns? Page 67
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Page 67: teaching the client to breathe diaphragmatically through the stomach
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What could happen if breathing patterns become shallow and the secondary respiratory muscles are used more than the diaphragm? Page 67
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Page 67: a negative impact to posture
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