Music 201 Final Exam

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Trecento

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The fourteenth century, marks the end of the medieval period and beginning of the Renaissance in Western Europe

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Fabliaux

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ribald fables

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Exempla

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moral stories

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Petrarch

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Emergence of a vernacular literary tradition in Italy. High-quality sonnets important for later madrigal composers.
- Secretum (My Secret)
- Letter to Posterity, autobiographical
- Canzoniere (Songbook), contains >300 sonnets and conzoni (songs) written in Italian

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Petrarchism

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praise of a woman as the perfection of human beauty and the object of the highest expression

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Chaucer

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- One of the most important writers in English.
- Canterbury Tales similar to Decameron in intent and organization.
- Focus on detail in the descriptions of characters.

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Boccaccio

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- Documents the plague and its effects on society.
- Decameron a series of stories that provide entertainment, moral content, glimpses of late medieval life.

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Great Schism

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Division within the Catholic Church which led to various groups claiming to be entitled to the papacy

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Christine de Pisan

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- One of Europe's first women professional writers
- The Book of the City of Ladies
- influenced by Augustine's The City of God
- uses stories of famous women, many references to Greece and Rome

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Decameron, “Preface to the Ladies”

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Boccaccio
- Collection of stories. Bubonic Plague themes, mentions many actual Italians, giotto… etc.

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Canturbury Tales, “The General Prologue”

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Chaucer
- Collection of Stories, The prologue introduces each of the characters, the knight, squire, wife of bath, pardoner, nun, etc.

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“The Book of the City of Ladies”

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Christine du Pisan
- Influenced by Augustines “City of God”, talks about women’s accomplishments, start’s out talking about Sappho, other famous women, many references to Greece and Rome

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Nicola Pisano

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- Combination of classical and gothic.
- Crowding of figures typical of earlier styles.
- Distortion of figures.
- vitality and realism of Roman art while retaining expressive qualities of Gothic sculpture

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Giovanni Pisano

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- Figures more slender.
- Elegance and space not found in earlier styles.
- Intensity of feeling typical of Northern late-gothic styles.
- Relief tilted towards the viewer, for greater impact.

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Cimabue

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- Derived from the italo-byzantine tradition.
- Attempts at 3-D in the shading on the body.
- Genuine understanding of anatomy that is used to enhance emotional impact

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Duccio

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- Use of architectural elements to give space.
- First signs of International gothic style.
- Byzantine in inspiration
- Maesta

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Giotto

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- student of Cimabue.
- Most influential artist of his era, moving towards a Renaissance aesthetic.
- Solidity of figures, attempts at realism.
- use of 3-D modeling and space for dramatic effect
- Madonna Enthroned
- Meeting of Joachim and Anna
- The Lamentation
- Saint Francis Renounces His Worldly Goods

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Simone Martini

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- rich colors
- expressive style
- typical of International Gothic
- first signs of the last great development of Gothic art, the International Style

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Ambrogio Lorenzetti

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- attempts at believable perspective in buildings
- The Good City, illustrates the effects of good government in Siena

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The Wilton Diptych

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- commemorates King Richard II's coronation
- rich colors
- careful use of shading
- International style

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Claus Sluter

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- Commissioned to provide sculpture for monastery
- Well of Moses
- elaborate base depicts Moses and five other Old Testament prophets
- Extremely realistic

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Limbourg Brothers

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- Rise of Burgundy as an important cultural center.
- Focus on everyday subjects.
- illustrated prayer book, one painting for each month

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Ars Nova

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A new musical style that developed in the early 14th century characterized by greater richness and complexity of sound. The term was taken from a treatise by the composer Philippi de Vitry called Art nova Musicae or "The New Art of Music"

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isorhytm

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System of musical composition whereby one voice in a polyphonic work is given a single, repeating rhythm

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Primary elements of Ars Nova

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1. Rhythmic complexity (isorhythm)
2. Recognition of the role of chant as purely functional
3. Almost complete secularization of the motet
4. Greater awareness of the sophisticated musical possibilities
5. Musica fita - the addition of accidentals in performance, not notated in the score

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Guillaume de Machaut

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- complexity of music typical of the ars nova.
- Emphasis in top voice.
- Use of the formes fixes.
- Messe de Notre Dame the first unified mass setting of the complete Mass Ordinary.
- first polyphonic setting of the entire mass by a single composer

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Francesco Landini

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- Italian composer
- wrote many madrigals and ballads
- use of musica ficta

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Madrigals

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A form of word setting involving two or three verses set to the same music and separated by a refrain set to different music

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Musica Ficta

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"Fictitious music," the art of performing music by departing from the written notes and introducing embellishments

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Guilds

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Various fraternal associations of craftsmen or merchants organized to maintain standards and protect the interests of its members; a prominent political, social, and economic entity during the medieval period

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da Fabriano

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- late example of International Gothic style
- Adoration of the Magi

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Masaccio

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- Monumental, classical, symmetrical.
- Early manifestation of Renaissance ideals.
- Attempts a realism and perspective.
- The Holy Trinity
- The Tribute Money
- Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Eden

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Florence

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center of new Renaissance vitality

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Gihiberti

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- Won the baptistery competition against Brunelleschi
- Commissioned for east Doors, called "Gates of Paradise"

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Jan van Eyck

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- symbolic painting: prosperity of Italian bankers.
- Exquisite detail and visual tricks (the mirror).
- Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride

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Cosimo de'Medici

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- The de facto ruler of Florentine
- an astute banker and highly cultivated man
- founded an academy for the study of Plato
- supported Donatello

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Marsilio Ficino

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- translated all the works of Plato
- wrote Theologia Platonica
- coined the term "Platonic Love"

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Donatello

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- first free-standing nude sculpture since antiquity.
- Biblical scene rendered with classical influence.
- Classical reticence in face.
- Mary Magdalene statue very expressive, though.
- Saint George
- David (feminine)
- Saint Mary Magdalene

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Fra Angelico

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- Debt to Masaccio.
- Observation of the natural world, but some illogical aspects (proportions, lighting) that are not classical.

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Uccello

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- Fascinated with perspective and foreshortening.
- Liked to include horses in his paintings.
- Frozen quality to the compositions.

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Botticelli

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- Classical scenes, lightness, airiness.
- In Adoration of the Magi, the work praises the Medici more than the baby Jesus.
- La Primavera, The Birth of Venus
- Idealizing figures by depicting the essential ideal of female beauty

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da Vinci

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- Wide-ranging genius.
- Studied anatomy to improve his figural painting.
- Classical/symmetrical arrangements
- studied anatomy, notebooks and sketches

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Michelangelo

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- Transitional figure.
- Art tends to show (or imply) motion, not strictly static.
- Extraordinary technique (Pieta) and monumental style (David)

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cameo carving

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Small engraved sculptures on shell or stone in which figures in relief are set off from the background of the shell or stone

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Pieta

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term used to describe depictions of Mary holding the dead Christ in her arms

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Mirandola

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- claimed to have read every book in Italy.
- Synthesis of all learning.
- Places man as the loftiest creation.
- Oration on the Dignity of Man

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Oration of the Dignity of Man

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Mirandola
- cited as the first and most important document of Renaissance humanism
- Humanism, Renaissance ideals

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Talmud

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The authoritative collection of ancient Jewish learning

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Aldus Manutius

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- Most famous humanist printer and publisher
- technical innovator, designed Greek typefaces

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Typeface

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The carved pieces of letters used by printers to assemble a page for printing. The type varied according to design (i.e. italic or Roman)

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Machiavelli

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- a pragmatist.
- Reputation not entirely deserved.
- The Prince gives instructions on how to retain political power, if that is the goal.

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The Prince

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Machiavelli
- the first purely secular study of political theory in the West
- Political powers, advice on how to maintain them.
- The prince must be sly as a fox and brutal as the lion
- state should restrict power of the church

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Erasmus

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- greatest Christian humanist of his era.
- Agreed with some aspects of the reformation but did not support the reformers.
- Cynical.
- The Praise of Folly
- attacked religious corruption

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The Praise of Folly

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Erasmus
- Think Dickens, but earlier. Directed towards the Catholic Church?
- Economium Moriae is a pun, can also mean "praise of More"
- humorous work
- strong denunciation of corruption, evil, ignorance, and prejudice in society

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Dufay

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- Burgundian composer.
- Missa l’homme arme combines secular cantus firmus with sacred genre (no problem with that).
- secularization of the motet
- introduction of familiar folk tune into the music of the Mass

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frottola

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- a popular music form during the Renaissance
- humorous or amorous poem for three or four parts consisting of a singer and two or three instruments

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Cano carnascialesco

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"Carnival song"
- Florentine form of the frottola
- sun during the carnival season preceding Lent

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Contenance Angloise

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A term associated with early Renaissance music

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Patronage

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Financial backing and other support provided by a person or institution - the patron - for artistic or literary projects

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Josquin

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- Greatest Franco-Flemish composer.
- Allows music to influence text (text-painting).
- Wrote both sacred and secular music.
- Very influential on later composers.
- Master of the motet
- homogeneous musical structure
- sense of balance and order

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Raphael

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- Ordered space
- classical inspiration
- symmetrical arrangements
- brilliant color and clarity
- Madonna of the Meadow
- School of Athens
- The Transfiguration

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Michelangelo

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- “Terribilita,”
- twisting figures,
- “Michelangelesque” (muscular forms, even for women).
- Considered himself a sculptor first, painter secondarily.
- Tomb for Pope Julius II - Moses, Captives
- Sistine chapel
- The Last Judgement
- Medici Chapel

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Neo-Platonism

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Philosophical movement derived from the work of Plato and his followers, which emphasizes the drive toward the ideal as the goal of transcending mere material reality

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Giorgione

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oil paintings more suited to Venice’s damp climate.
- Detailed, classically arranged, allegorical works.
- Enthroned Madonna with Saint Liberalis
- Le Concert Champetre

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Titian

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- student of Giorgione.
- Rich colors and lighting.
- reds (in Venus of Urbino). -
- Dynamic paintings.
- Assumption of the Virgin
- Venus of Urbino

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Tinteretto

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- Mannerist,
- Perspective lines converge on darkness.
- Conflation of time periods in clothing.
- Christ difficult to locate in scene.
- Uses classical techniques for non-classical ends.
- The Last Supper

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Pontormo

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- Mannerist.
- Upturned pyramid shape.
- Ambiguous.
- Shocking colors.
- Void in the middle of the painting.
- Deposition

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Parmigianino

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- Mannerist.
- Elongation of proportions, ambiguous scale, disturbing posing and color of baby combined with sensuality of left-hand side of painting.
- Madonna of the long Neck

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Fontana

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- unstable “inverted pyramid” organization,
- bright colors
- twisting and distortion of bodies.

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Palestrina

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- wrote music that conformed to characteristics suggested by the Vatican Council (clear text-setting, no secular influences).
- High-point of renaissance polyphony.
- Changes texture for emphasis (full chorus on most important words and phrases),
- homorhythmic text setting.
- Mass for Pope Marcellus

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Susato

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- fluid interchange between vocal and instrumental genres in the renaissance.
- Instrumental works in consorts (groupings of similar instruments)

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Castiglione

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- served in diplomatic corps
- wrote The Courtier

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The Courtier

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- Castiglione
- States that the true courtier should be a person of humanist learning, impeccable ethics, refined courtesy, physical and martial skills, and fascinating conversation
- must possess sprezzatura - "effortless mastery"

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Curia

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the body of tribunals and assemblies through which the pope governed the church

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Gabrieli

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- worked at St. Mark’s in Venice.
- Church design allowed for splitting of performers into smaller groups in different parts of church.
- Beginning of baroque musical ideal (the contrast between groups).

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Luther

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- begins the Reform movement by publishing criticisms of the church.
- Never intended to form a different church, simply to reform the traditional church.
- Lutheran church still believed
- Mass was the most important part of the liturgy.
- Introduces congregational singing.

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Durer

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- first artist to recognize the commercial potential for art.
- Specialized in reproducible genres (woodcut, engraving, prints).
- Combines passionate religion with classical learning and techniques.
- Self-Portrait
- Woodcuts and engravings

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Grunewald

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- reintroduces Medieval hierarchy of figures (more important figures are larger),
- combined with intense passion and drama.
- Rejects classical restraint in favor of dramatic, even violent images of contemplation.
- Crucifixion
- Resurrection

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Altdorfer

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- one of the first landscape painters.
- Focus on nature an important trait in the renaissance.

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Bosch

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- religious artist, but paintings are often nightmarish.
- Surreal figures, garish colors.

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Bruegel

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- Represents culmination of Renaissance art in Netherlands
- peasant scenes, everyday people.
- Diagonal lines and composition show Italian influence, but the scenes are Northern.

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Shakespeare

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- One of the most important writers in any language, and the most important in English.
- Classical themes in his plays, but they introduce a baroque fascination with the supernatural.
- invented new words, plays are full of word-games.
- Role of iambic pentameter.
- Wrote so that all could understand.

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Caravaggio

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- chiaroscuro used to highlight drama of religious scenes.
- Paintings tell a story, including back story and future events.

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Gentileschi

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- violence of biblical (or apocryphal) stories.
- Mastery of foreshortening.
- Influence of Caravaggio.

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Carracci

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- classical subject matter, but intensified through repetition until it’s over the top.
- But “Flight into Egypt” is restrained, understated – figures are not seen until after the landscape has already been seen.

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Bernini

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- David is dynamic, in motion, and with a powerful facial expression (self-portrait of the artist).
- St. Teresa is a mixed-media work (the metal rods are part of the sculpture), powerfully expressive of intense emotion.

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Borromini

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- Undulating façade makes the building front seem like its moving.
- Introduction of the curve (baroque) into a classical design (renaissance).

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de La Tour

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- French baroque is more restrained than Italian.
- Less violent, figures seem polished, unreal.
- But still using chiaroscuro.
- Lamentation over St. Sebastian

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Poussin

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- classical subject matter, stylized posing.
- Bright colors, but artificial arrangement.
- Figures look staged
- Rape of the Sabine Women
- Et in Arcadia Ego (early and late version)

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Lorrain

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- gentle landscape artist, showing the effect of diffuse light on the landscape.
- More beautiful than nature itself.

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Rigaud

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- aristocratic portraits.
- Combines realism with symbols of power.

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Monteverdi

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- first great baroque composer.
- Wrote madrigals in both old and new styles.
- Wrote first great opera, Orfeo.
- First composer to specify instruments in the orchestral score for Orfeo.
- Word-painting in madrigals (madrigalisms).

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Donne

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- worked in the generation after Shakespeare.
- Intellectual poetry that draws on myriad resources, led to him being called “metaphysical poet.”
- Poetry about big themes: death, love.

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Milton

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- early in career was a fringe pamphleteer, but always wanted to write epic poetry.
- Going blind help focus his determination.
- Paradise Lost a great epic poem in blank verse, though criticized for making Satan too heroic (he represents the loner fighting against the establishment).

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“The Canonization”

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John Donne
- Poetry, not your nice little 4 line stanzas, metaphysical comparisons, religious in subject matter

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Paradise Lost

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John Milton
- Fall of Man, written like poetry, but not broken up into stanzas. References to outside things, events, places, people, etc.

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On the Wounds of Our Crucified Lord

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Richard Crashaw
- Poem, 5 stanzas, religious subject matter

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El Greco

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- works in Spain, but shows Italian (mannerist) influence in distortion and choice of colors.
- Lots of motion, dynamism in later paintings.

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Ribera

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- shows /religious violent scene, but presented without judgment.
- Dispassionate and passionate at the same time.
- Strong J-line typical of baroque curvature.

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Velaquez

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- raises the artist to more than simply an employee.
- Ambiguity of representation. Who is the painting of? Who are we?

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Rubens

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- known mainly for painting large naked women.
- Twisting figures in allegorical or classical paintings.
- Importance of light and color.
- Rape of the Daughters

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Van Dyck

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- portrait artist, assistant to Rubens.

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Hals

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- Dutch artists had to rely on civic institutions for patronage, since there was no church or court patronage.
- Scene combines individualized portraits with group dynamic.

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Vermeer

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– paintings are intimate, static, domestic, anonymous.
- Light is diffuse.
- Careful geometric arrangements.

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Rembrandt

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- considered the biblical paintings his most important works.
- Use of suggestion, rough brush strokes, instead of detailed depiction (a baroque trait – invokes the imagination).
- Strong chiaroscuro for dramatic effect.

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Corelli

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- First composer to make a career selling printed music.
- First composer to write only instrumental music.
- First composer whose works remain played and studied after his death.
- Importance of trio sonata genre.
- Great instruments helped improve string-playing techniques in Italy.

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Purcell

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- one of the great composers of his era, and one of the best English composers of all time.
- Wrote for the court, but also stage works.
- Dido and Aeneas unusual because it is sung all the way through.
- One of the first important English operas.
- Ground bass aria, but with unusual bass-pattern (5 measures long).

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Sonata de chiesa

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proper for use at church

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Sonata de camera

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proper for use in court