Mus 1520 Rock Gen And Development Ch 1

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Rock and Roll arose from the convergence of many musical predecessors, including

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• Black-American Blues (Delta blues, Classic blues, Jump Blues, Electric blues),
Jazz (Swing), Rhythm & Blues, and Gospel
• Country & Western music
• Folk Music (mostly influential in the 1960s)
• Pop Music (Tin Pan Alley to “crooning”1 ballad singers of the 40s and 50s)
• Anglo-Saxon church hymns

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Gertrude "Ma" Rainey

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Widely believed to be the first blues
singer. known as "The Mother of the Blues." Mentor to Bessie Smith

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Delta Blues

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The earliest documented blues style, arose in the Mississippi Delta region around 1910-20, as created by solo singer-guitarists.

Important style traits of the blues that emerged
from its onset are bent-note melodies and backbeat rhythm (emphasizing beats “2” and
“4”, instead of “1” and “3” in a 4/4 meter).

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Delta Blues Examples

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Charley Patton: “Stone Pony Blues” (c1920s)
• Robert Johnson: “Cross Road Blues” (c. late 1920s),
“Sweet Home Chicago” (c late 1920s)
• Sam “Lightnin’ Hopkins: “Mojo Hand” and “Gambler’s Blues” (both
recorded in mid-1950s)

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Classic Blues

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a more refined style promoted in the late 1920s/early 1930s by Bessie Smith (1894-1937), who performed/recorded to the accompaniment of only a piano and solo trumpet (which offered “responses” and instrumental fills)

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Urban Blues

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a harder-edged blues with a more powerful instrumentation emerged,
following concurrent trends in big-band Jazz.

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Urban blues Artists

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Blind Lemon Jefferson (1897-1929)

“Big” Bill Broonzy (c1893-1958)

T-Bone Walker (1910-75).

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Charlie Christian

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jazz guitarist pioneered the use of the electric guitar

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Lionel Hampton

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vibraphonist who began emphasizing heavy “riffs,” which ultimately had a strong influence on electric guitar solo-playing in emerging blues and rock styles

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Jump Blues

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a new “boogie-woogie”12, jazz-influenced style
became popular with both black and white listeners, as promoted by jazz/blues crossover
“shouters”

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Selected Examples of JUMP BLUES (early R & B)

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• Louis Jordan: “Caldonia” (1945)
• Wynonie Harris: “Good Rockin’ Tonight” (1948)
• Big Mama Thornton: “Hound Dog” (1952; original Leiber & Stoller version)
• Ruth Brown: “Mama, He Treats Your Daughter Mean” (1953)
• Big Joe Turner: “Shake, Rattle and Roll” (1954), “Bump Miss Suzi” (c 1954)

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“ELECTRIC” BLUES/R & B

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Chicago-50s style
• Muddy Waters
• Howlin’ Wolf
• Bo Diddley
• B.B. King

• Johnny Lee (“Sonny Boy No. 2”) Williamson

• Willie Dixon

• Elmore James

• John Lee Hooker
Texas-80s style
• Stevie Ray Vaughn: “Texas Flood” (1982)

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Alan Freed

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promoted R & B and emerging Rock & Roll to white audiences, despite segregation laws and racial backlash.

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4 major record companies of the 40s/50s

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RCA, Decca, Columbia and Capitol

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Chess Records

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a Chicago-based label that began as Aristocrat Records, and then was changed to Chess Records in 1948 shortly after it was purchased by Leonard and Phil Chess. Featured Chess artists included Muddy Waters, Howlin’ Wolf, Elmore James, Sonny Boy Williamson, Bo Diddley and Chuck Berry.

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Atlantic Records

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New York-based label founded in 1947 by Herb Abramson and Ahmet Ertegun

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Jerry Wexler

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Head Producer for Atlantic 1953

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Talent for Atlantic Records

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Ruth Brown, Big Joe Turner, The Drifters, The Coasters, Ray Charles and even white crossover artists such as Bobby Darin

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Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

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Song writing team for Atlantic Records

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Sun Records

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a small Memphis-based company founded by Sam Phillips (a former radio disc jockey). The company began in the early 1950s as the Memphis Recording Service. Sun Records simultaneously had Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Jerry Lee Lewis and Johnny Cash on its roster of artists.

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Other Notable indie Lables

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• Modern Records (Los Angeles): B. B. King
• Specialty Records (Los Angeles): Little Richard
• Imperial Records (LA—Lew Chudd, founder): “Fats” Domino (and Rick Nelson)
• King Records (Cincinnati—Syd Nathan, founder): Wynonie Harris

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Antoine “Fats” Domino and Lloyd Price

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pioneered the keyboard-and-horn driven sound of New Orleans R & B.

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Examples of ‘50s New Orleans R & B—Rock & Roll

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• Fats Domino: “Ain’t That a Shame” (1955), “Blue Monday” (1957), “Blueberry Hill (1957)
• Lloyd Price: “Stagger Lee” (1959)
• Little Richard: “Tutti Frutti” (1956), “Ready Teddy” (1957), “Lucille” (1957)

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Pat Boone

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most successful of the 50s “cover” artists

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Examples of “Cover” Versions of R & B Songs

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• Pat Boone: “Ain’t That a Shame” (1956), “Tutti Frutti” (1957)

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Country Swing

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In the 1920s, Southern U.S. folk (“Hillbilly”) music began to adopt the backbeat rhythm
and bent-note melodic style of the blues, creating Country Swing.

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Country Swing Artists

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This style is best represented by the Delmore Brothers, Jimmie Rodgers, Bob Wills. In the late 40s/early 50s, the progressive country-swing “boogie” style of Hank
Williams Sr.

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Rockabilly

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strongly
rooted in both country-swing and R & B, but with a faster tempo (beat speed).

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The Country side of Rockabilly

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The “Country” side of the balance is more clearly evident in the music of Johnny Cash, Bill Haley and His Comets, Carl Perkins, Buddy Holly and the Crickets, The Everly Brothers (Don and Phil Everly), Rick Nelson20, and Roy Orbison.

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The Blues/R&B side of Rockabilly

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The Blues/R & B side of the balance is more clearly evident in the music of Elvis Presley, Gene
Vincent, Eddie Cochran and Jerry Lee Lewis.

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Rockabilly Artist and their original labels

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• Decca: Bill Haley and Buddy Holly
• Capitol: Gene Vincent
• Sun: Presley—Cash—Lewis—Perkins (“The Million Dollar Quartet”) and Orbison
• Cadence: The Everly Brothers
• Imperial: Rick Nelson
• Liberty: Eddie Cochran

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Examples of 50s/early 60s Rockabilly

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• Bill Haley and His Comets: “Shake, Rattle and Roll”, “Rock Around the Clock”
• Elvis Presley: “Heartbreak Hotel", "Money, Honey", “Hound Dog”, “Jailhouse Rock”, “Blue Moon of Kentucky”
• Johnny Cash: “Folsom Prison Blues”
• Carl Perkins: “Blue Suede Shoes”
• Buddy Holly and the Crickets: “That’ll Be the Day”, “Oh, Boy”, “Peggy Sue”
• Jerry Lee Lewis: “Whole Lotta Shakin’ Goin’ On”, “Great Balls of Fire”
• The Everly Brothers: “Bye, Bye Love”; “Cathy’s Clown”
• Eddie Cochran: “Summertime Blues”
• Roy Orbison: “Only the Lonely”; “Pretty Woman” (1964)
• Ricky Nelson: “Hello Mary Lou, Goodbye Heart”

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Country & Western-influenced R & B

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• Hank Ballard and The Midnighters: “Work With Me Annie”
• Chuck Berry: “Maybellene”, “Roll Over Beethoven”, “Sweet Little Sixteen”, “Rock and Roll Music”

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Early Blues

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• Hank Ballard and The Midnighters: “Work With Me Annie” (1954)
• Chuck Berry: “Maybellene” (1955), “Roll Over Beethoven” (c1957),
“Sweet Little Sixteen” (1958), “Rock and Roll Music” (1958)

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Jump Blues

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• LOUIS JORDAN: “Caldonia”
• WYNONIE HARRIS: “Good Rockin’ Tonight”
• WILLIE MAE “BIG MAMA” THORNTON: “Hound Dog”
• RUTH BROWN: “Mama, He Treats Your Daughter Mean”
• BIG JOE TURNER: “Shake, Rattle and Roll”,
“Bump Miss Suzi”

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New Orleans R&B

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• FATS DOMINO: “Ain’t That a Shame”, “Blue Monday”, “Blueberry Hill”
• LLOYD PRICE: “Stagger Lee”

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Chicago Electric R&B

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• HOWLIN’ WOLF: “Smokestack Lightnin’”, “Spoonful”
• BO DIDDLEY: “Bo Diddley”, “I’m a Man”
• MUDDY WATERS: “I Just Wanna Make Love to You”, “I Got My Mojo Workin’”
• B.B. KING: “Sweet Little Angel”
• JOHN LEE HOOKER: “Motor City is Burning”

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Texas Electric Blues of the 80s

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• STEVIE RAY VAUGHN: "Texas Flood"

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50s country & Western

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• HANK WILLIAMS, SR.: “Hey, Good Lookin’”
• JOHNNY CASH: “Folsom Prison Blues”