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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Joint between ilium and sacrum |
sacroiliac joint |
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Sacral nutation |
flexion of the sacrum with respect to the ilium - proximal end moves anteriorly - distal end moves posteriorly
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Why is the auricular surface of the sacrum rough? |
lots of stability and able to anchor |
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Pelvis ring |
(2) sacroiliac joints (1) Symphysis pubis |
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Sacrum |
wedge between the two ilia. - starts as 5 vertebrae but by age 30 becomes one solid sacrum |
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Sacroiliac Ligaments |
1. Anterior 2. Interosseus 3. Posterior |
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what is the main job of the sacroiliac joints |
stabalize |
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Ligament that attaches at the posterior ischial tuberosity |
sacrotuberous |
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Ligament that attaches at the spine of ischium from sacrom |
sacrospinous |
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What do the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments do? |
stabilize and prevent posterior tilting of the pelvis |
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Lordosis |
Over- extension of the vertebrae |
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which way do the Superior articular process (SAP) face? what is a main job? |
face posterior and medial - blocks vertebrae on top from sliding forward |
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which way does the IAP face? |
Anterior and lateral |
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What does the ZA joint do? |
blocks rotation and translation therefore SAP and IAP fit together block rotation between the two segments |
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Annulus fibrosis |
- tough layers - lots of collagen |
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Nucleus pulposus |
- gel like core - bubble that shifts according to pressure
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where are the annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus located? |
intervertebral disks |
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Which ligaments of the spine limit extension and maintain normal curvature of the spine? |
Anterior Longitudinal ligament (ALL) Posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)
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Which spinal ligaments limit flexion? |
interspinous supraspinous ligamentum flavum
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what does the iliolumbar ligament do? |
- holds L5 in place - responsible ligament for extensive lordosis |
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Erector spinae |
- two columns of muscle that run the length of the spine
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functions of erector spinae |
- extension of the spine - maintain upright position of spine - "cobra"
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Unilateral contraction of erector spinae |
Ipsilateral flexion and rotation |
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Multifidis |
- tent shaped muscles attach to transverse processes and the spinous process - 5 vertebrae length in total |
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Actions of multifidis |
- extension - contralateral rotation
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Quadratus Lumborum |
draws the ribcage down towards the iliac crest |
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Actions of Quadratus Lumborum |
Ipsilateral flexion (side) - some extension when bilaterally contracted |
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Psoas |
Anterior pillars along the spine - also helps move hip (flexion and external rotation |
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Actions of the psoas |
flexion of lumbar (crunch)
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External obliques |
muscles point down towards the midline of the pelvis |
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Actions of external obliques |
- contralateral rotation - tilts pelvis posteriorly |
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Internal Obliques |
starts at pelvis and goes up to the midline of the trunk |
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Actions of internal obliques |
Ipsilateral rotation |
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Tranvsverse abdominus |
run horizontally around almost the entire trunk - acts like a "belt" |
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Function of transverse abdominus |
- spinal stabilizer - unilateral contraction= ipsilateral rotation (obliques are better rotators) |
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actions of Rectus abdominus |
Trunk flexor tilts pelvis posteriorly |
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Thoracolumbar fascia |
- envelops muscles of the spine - attachment of transverse abdominus and external obliques - also an attachment for 2 limb muscles (lats and gluts) |
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C1 |
Atlas |
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C2 |
Axis |
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Atlanto- occipital joints (AO) |
- 2 joints - occipital condyles sit on top of the atlas - atlas hold skull "globe"
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Actions of AO joint |
flexion= chin tucked into neck (double chin action) Extension= chin pokes forward (as if looking down your nose) |
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Atlanto- Axial Joint (AA) |
- 3 joints - axis of rotation - dens out of axis and atlas rotates around it
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Actions of AA joint |
rotation |
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Transverse ligament of the atlas |
holds dens against the articular surface of the atlas
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Lower cervical spine |
Flexion= head down towards the ground (chin down) Extension= face is parallel to the sky |
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why is the cervical spine more mobile? |
because of the vestibular apparatus (balance system) therefore in order to observe the environment we need to be able to look around i order to balance |
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Why are there foramens in the transverse process of the cervical vertebrae? |
allows passage of the vertebral artery to the brain |
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Nuchal Ligament |
- attaches at EOP and spinous process of all cervical vertebrae - supports the back of the neck and limits flexion (what gravity wants therefore fights gravity)
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Kyphosis |
opposite of lordosis; more "hunchback" |
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Xiphoid process |
attachment for some abdominal muscles
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true ribs |
1-7 |
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false ribs |
8-10 |
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floating ribs |
11 and 12 |
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Motion of true ribs |
- water pump handle mechanism - obliques lift and lower (increase/ decrease dimensions of the ribs anteriorly and posteriorly) - expand and contract
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motion of false ribs |
movement to the sides
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why do the true ribs and false ribs have different motions? |
due to length of attached costal cartilage |
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suboccipitals |
- exclusive to the cervical spine - headache muscles
1. oblique capitus superior 2. oblique capitus inferior 3. rectus capitus posterior minor 4. rectus capitus posterior major
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Longus capitus and Longus Colli |
- hammock muscles - dictates how much lordosis there is in the cervical spine
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Splenius capitis and cervicis |
- ipsilateral flexion
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Levator scapula |
- affects the lower cervical spine - unilateral contraction= ispilateral flexion and rotation - bilateral contraction= extension of lower cervical spine - posture fixer (like reigns of a horse)
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upper trapezius |
- off EOP and runs along nuchal ligament and down lateral portion of the clavicle - bilateral contraction= extensor of upper and lower clavicle - unilateral contraction= ipsilateral flexion - rotation= contralateral
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Sternocleidomastoid |
flexion= lower cervical extension= upper cervical Unilateral= ipsilateral flexion Rotation= contralateral |
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Scalenes |
all attach at the lower cervical and attach either at rib 1 or 2 and superior aspect |
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Respiratory function of scalenes |
- accessory muscles for respiration |
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Scalene role at cervical spine |
- ipsilateral flexion |
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Scalene clinical relevance |
- inter- scalene triangle between the anterior and middle scalene allows nerves to pass through the space * Brachial plexus |
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Purpose of intervertebral foramen |
Passage for spinal nerves |
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How do you name the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae? |
cervical: nerve is named after the bottom vertebrae i.e C8 nerve= between C7 and T1
- every nerve after T1 is named after the vertebrae above it |
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Plexus |
where multiple nerves join together |
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what to plexi join? |
1. Lumbo- sacral plexus 2.Brachial plexus |
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Femoral Nerve |
L2- L4 - innervates the psoas and illiacus - travels through the inguinal ligament to innerate the anterior compartment of the thigh - knee extension and hip flexion |
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What is the femoral triangle? |
Inguinal ligament, Sartorius and adductor longus - femoral vein, femoral artery and femoral nerve pass through it |
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Obturator Nerve |
L2- L4 - travels along the inside of the pelvis and through the obturator foraman, and though obturator canal - innervates the medial compartment of the hip - controls adduction |
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Sciatic Nerve |
L4- S3 - very wide nerve (thumb width) --> functionallay two nerves stuck together - posterior aspect of the pelvis - sits right below the PIIS - associated with the piriformis --> innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh therfore knee flexion and hip extension
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Polpiteal Fossa |
diamond shaped depression at the back of knee Top= Bicep femoris and 2 semis Bottom= two heads of gastrocnemius |
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Tibial Nerve |
- travels along the back of the thigh - splits above the knee and travels through the popiteal fossa - innervates the back of leg; Plantar flexion
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Fibular/ Peroneal Nerve |
- articulates the the fibular head - lateral side to the front of the leg - one branch= lateral compartment (fibularis); eversion - Deep nerve branch= anterior compartment; dorsiflexion
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Apical and Alar ligaments |
- stabilize cervical spine - anchors dens to skull (C2) |
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Iliolumbar ligament |
L5 transverse process --> iliac crest, postero- medial aspect |
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Supraspinous |
Connects the tips of the spinous processes od adjacent vertebrae |
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Interspinous |
Runs in between the spinous processes of the adjacent vertebrae |
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Ligamentum Flavum |
Runs in spinal canal connecting the laminae of adjacent vertebrae |
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Posterior Longitudinal Ligament |
vertebral bodies and intervertebral disks: posterior aspect within the spinal canal |
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Anterior Longitudinal Ligament |
Vertebral bodies and intervertebral disks: anterior aspect |
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Sacrotuberous |
Sacrum and coccyx: dorsal surfaces and lateral borders ---> ischial tuberosity |
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Sacrospinous |
Sacrum and coccyx: lateral borders --> ischial spine |
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costotranvserse ligament |
neck of rib and costal cartilage --> length of the transverse process of matching vertebraes |
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Radiate Ligament |
circumference of the head of the rib --> body of the matching vertebra plus the vertebra above |
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Nuchal Ligament |
EOP --> spinous process of all cervical vertebrae |
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Transverse Ligament of axis |
Connects the lateral masses of C1 to one another, crossing the back of the dens |
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Apical Ligament |
top of dens --> anterior margin of foramen magnum |
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Alar Ligament |
Lateral surfaces of the dens --> margins of the foramen magnum, medial to occipital condyle |
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Iliocostalis Lumborum |
Origin: sacrum, iliac crest, thorcaolumbar fascia
Insertion: ribs, transverse process of upper lumbar vertebrae |
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Longissimus Thoracis |
Origin: sacrum, iliac crest, spinous process of lumbar spine
Insertion: transverse process of thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal processes of lumbar vertebrae |
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Splenius Cervicis |
origin: spinous process of thoracic vertebrae
insertion: transverse processes of c1 and c2 |
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Multifidus |
origin: sacrum, ilium, Articular processes of Thoracic and cervical vertebrae
Insertion: spinous process of above vertebrae |
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Longus capitis |
origin: Transverse process of cervical vertebrae
Insertion: occipital bone |
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External obliques |
origin: ribs
Insertion: linea alba, iliac crest |
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Internal Obliques |
Origin: iliac crest, ASIS, thoracolumbar fascia
Insertion: ribs, linea alba |
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Transverse abdominus |
Origin: ASIS, costal cartilages, thoracolumbar fascia, inguinal ligament
Insertion: linea alba, pubic crest, rectus sheath (posterior) |
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Rectus Abdominus |
Origin: xiphoid process, cartilages of ribs
Insertion: pubis |
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Quadratus Lumborum |
origin: iliac crest
Insertion: 12 rib, transverse processes of lumbar spine |
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Psoas Major |
Origin: vertebral bodies of lumbar and thoracic spine
Insertion: becomes illiacus and inserts on femur |
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Sternocleidomastoid |
Origin: sternum and clavicle
Insertion: mastoid process
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Scalene Anterior |
Origin: transverse process of cervical spine
Insertion: first rib |
