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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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C3
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Mew - the pokemon
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C5
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An owL
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C4 and C2
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A RaM
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What proteins are involved in early binding in the ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY
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A Mew/Baby sandwich.
"Alternative Kids like Sandwiches" They also like to be direct. C3b,Bb,C3b |
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What is the final common pathway
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An owL with a baby carrying in a big MAC to drop it down as a bomb.
C5b (C6-C9) = MAC complex |
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Which complement protein is chemotaxic for neutrophils?
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Think about the police officer spotting a group of owLs off the highway and following them.
C5a |
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Which compliment protein induces B cells to proliferate and plasma cells to produce more antibodies?
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Think about a cute little Mew going up to floating armories and telling them to produce more weapons. She gives them apples to help them along.
C3a |
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C1
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A toy that needs to have it's two parts glued together that everyone brings their babies to go play with.
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C1 Esterase Deficiency
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The glue of the toy is missing so that it can't assemble and start the classic pathway.
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Classic Pathway
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GM makes classic cars that attract Toys.
IgG and IgM bind to antigens on pathogens and then attract C1 in the classic pathway. |
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C1 Esterase Inhibitor
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The solvent for the Toy glue that is perpetually working to break them apart so that the rams and mews babies can't come enjoy them.
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All the a components of compliment proteins are called:
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Anaphylatoxins that help to mediate Acute Inflammation.
C3a and C5a (Mew and Owls) trigger mast cell degranulation, resulting in histamine-mediated vasodilation and increased vascular permeability. Imagine Mew and some owLs travelling to a ship in order to get it to release it's HISsing cannons. |
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Opsonins for phagocytosis
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C3b and IgG
Mew babies and Grapes are really delicious to eat. |
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CD18
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The adhesion protein for leukocytes.
White blood cells need TaFfy to stick to blood vessel walls. |
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Which cytokines are pyrogens for fever?
Mnemonic? |
TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1
aGE will make you sick and feverish. Tea, TNT song, and Hoagies will make you hot and sick. |
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What happens to activated neutrophils on a physical level?
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They harden and become harder to remove from an area.
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Who cleans up after inflammation?
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Macrophages.
They are the dedicated managers that clean up after neutrophils (super troopers) destroy the place. |
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What do IgA aggregate disorders arise out of?
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The liver's inability to clear out IgA.
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What things attract neutrophils (super troopers) to the scene of the crime?
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1. Owls (C5a)
2. Lieutenant Bill (LTB4) 3. V8 (IL-8) 4. Evidence of the bad guys (bacterial products) |
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What things go futhur and help the super troopers attach their cars to the side of the highway by pulling out their hooks? (integrins)
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The owls and lieutenant bill help to pull the taffy out of the super trooper car so that it can attach to the parking spots. (ICAM and VCAM)
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What do selectins represent?
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Speedbumps
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What are they secreted in response to?
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the cannonballs (histamine) and the tea with TNT (IL-1 and TNF a).
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What will come in contact with the speedbumps on the neutrophil side?
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Their own selectins which are tires with x shaped rims on them (sialyl lewis x bodies).
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Who is CHediak Higashi?
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A weak, albino, japanese version of Che Guevara.
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What do macrophages forming an abscess represent?
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The site managers deciding the crime scene is too much to handle. They swell to giant cells and wall off the scene like a hazard site.
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What are the managers wearing on their heads? What does this represent and what does it do?
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A TiaRa (CD14) on the manager cell (macrophage) recognizes endotoxin.
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What will happen after a manager's TiaRa comes into contact with an endotoxin? How does this help mediate an immune response?
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NF-kB is activated as a trancription factor and will upregulate components needed for T cell activation.
Basically the manager will realize that he needs the help of his assistants and will start arranging everything for a proper meeting with them. |
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What are the things that macrophages secrete to tell everyone the fight is over and to begin resolution? Why does this help?
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1. Oats (IL-10)
2. Breadsticks from TGIF's (TGF-b) The carbs will slow everyone down and they will stop fighting. |
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What tools do neutrophils actually kill their criminals with?
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1. Disintegrating them with bleach (Myeloperoxidase)
2. Disgesting them with their lysozyme enzymes |
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What happens when the neutrophils are missing their bleach? What criminals can start getting in?
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Not much. The rest of the police force is pretty competent and can kill in other ways.
However, the albino Canadians (Candida albicans) do end up getting in. They were just really scare of getting more white than they were previously with the bleach. |
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What can T helper cells be considered?
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Assistant managers that receive stimuli from managers (macrophages).
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What can B cells be considered?
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Pregnant women who have armories in their uteruses.
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What is the Th2 cell?
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The funny assistant manager who will joke around with the pregnant women and give them food to change the weapons they produce.
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What is the Th1 cell?
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The more serious assistant managers that consider themselves #1 and activate the men in black, their own superiors, and the natural killer catss.
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What is the cytotoxic CD8+ cell?
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The men in black who find aliens disguised as normal citizens.
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What is B7?
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BK - Burger King
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What represents B7 as a necessary costimulating receptor on APC's that T helper cells need?
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The assistants must meet up with the managers at Burger King to receive signals.
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What is the receptor on T helper cells that binds B7 on managers? Mnemonic?
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CD28.
28/7 = 4 4 x 2 = 8 This is on CD4 and CD8 cells |
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What is IL-1?
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Tea
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What is IL-2?
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Honey
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What is IL-3?
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Ham
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What is IL-4?
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Rye
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What is IL-5?
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Aloe
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What is IL-6?
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Hoagie
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IL-7?
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Kiwi
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What is IL-8?
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V8
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What is IL-10?
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Oats
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What is IL-12?
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Tuna
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IL-13?
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TuMs (ignore the S)
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What is IgA?
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Arrows
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What is IgG?
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Guns
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What is IgM?
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Maces
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What is IgE?
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Epee
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What do MHC receptors represent?
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ID's with blood samples that every citizen must have to prove they are themselves.
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What represents cells that have been invaded with intracellular antigen?
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They are citizens that have been overtaken by parasitic aliens inside.
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What is the story behind CD40L?
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The differentiated assistants hold a RoSe for Love. They try to find others with a rose, which turns out to be the people who gave them their missions to begin with (B cells and macrophages). These cells are so impressed that they amp up their fight against the criminals as well.
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What is IFN-y to a macrophage?
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It is the primary signal needed for activation. These are tabs inserted into them that can be pulled to inflate them like a raft.
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What is their needed secondary signal?
Overall mnemonic? |
CD40.
They first need to have tabs inserted and then they must be pulled by love roses to activate. |
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What interleukin turns on the B cell?
Mnemonic? |
IL-4
The pregnant ladies only turn on when the funny assistants give them rye bread. This also tends them towards producing epees. |
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What do macrophages secrete that induce activation of NK cells?
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IL-12
The managers will feed their natural killer cats TuNa to activate them to proliferate and kill. |
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What is the mnemonic about what the NK cells will do as a function?
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These cats will use their ability to sense if people are stressed. This will raise their suspicion of the citizens being controlled by aliens. They will proceed to kill these stressed citizens (guilty until proven otherwise) unless they pull out an ID (MHC I) proving that they are citizens.
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What is this in real life?
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The NK cell's KAR receptor will bind to stress molecules on a cell. Unless they bind their KIR receptors to a valid MHC I, they will kill the cell.
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WHat is the difference between how adaptive immune cells (T cells) and innate immune cells (NK) kill alien enemies?
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The killer cats don't care what is on the ID as long as they have one whereas the men in black will check it.
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Tell the story about the strong independent, pregnant lady who decided to fight crime herself.
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This sassy lady decided upon seeing a very familiar criminal (the capsulated bacterium), decided she can fight him be herself and whips out her default maces (IgM) to fight him. She can do this fast and by herself!
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What is the mnemonic for TGF-b?
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Breadsticks from TGIF's. They will slow down inflammation by making everyone slow and also feed the construction workers (fibrocytes) to start working.
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What will activate sleeping Men in black agents?
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1. Either a meeting with the manger in burger king where the enemy is shown to them over tea. (1. TCR/MHCI 2. B7, IL-I)
2. In an alleyway where a serious assistant relays a message from the manager through giving the MIB some honey. (Th1 secretes IL-2) |
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What will activate Natural Killer cells? (2)
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1. A tab inserted by Th1 cells (IFN-y)
2. TuNa given by managers (IL-12) |
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Describe the interaction between a naive T cell and an antigen presenting B cell.
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They are both naive and meet for the first time at burger king. They discover they have all the necessary ingredients for a love relationship and activate each other right there.
1. TCR/MHC II bind 2. CD40/CD40L bind 3. Th1 secretes IL-4 (rye) 4. B cell gets activated |
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What cytokine will stimulate the pluripotent stem cells to become the myeloid police force (granulocytes)? Who secretes this?
Mnemonic? |
IL-3 by activated T cells.
The assistants will start sending out hams into the highway to induce more of the police force to be trained. |
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What cytokine will stimulate the pluripotent stem cells to become the lymphoid progenitor cells? Who secretes this?
Mnemonic? |
IL-7 secreted by stromal cells in the bone marrow and the thymus.
Locally grown Kiwis will initiate the production of the SWAT team early on. |
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When do T cells mature?
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Before they graduate "college" aka before they leave the thymus.
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What represents the naive T cells becoming anergic?
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They get an assignment outside of Burger King and become suspicious and never work again.
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What will IL-12 do?
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1. Activate NK Cells
2. Activate Th1 cells The serious assistant managers also like to eat TuNa given to them by their bosses. |
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What are the main cytokines released by activated macrophages?
Mnemonic of the meal? |
1. IL-1 and TNF (Tea and TNT)
2. IL-12 (TuNa for NK cells and Th1 cells) 3. IL-6 (Hoagies for the liver) 4. IL-8 (V8 to attract super troopers) Once they are activated, they create their specialty, which is a tuna hoagie with tea and V8 to wash it down while listening to TNT. |
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What are the microbicidal substances produced by managers?
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1. ROS
2. NO 3. Lysozymal enzymes |
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What interleukin stimulated eosinophils? What does it also do? (think type 1 hypersensitivity)
Mnemonic? |
IL-5 (Aloe)
You have to put aloe to soothe the injuries from worms (parasites). It will also activate mast cells. |
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What are the interferons trying to fight?
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They are antiviral and so want to mobilize things to kill aliens. They are signals that the aliens are invading.
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What will INF A and B do?
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They will degrade viral mRNA. Get right in there and kill the aliens.
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What is the mnemonic for the unique marker on NK cells?
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The cats will carry around an LG phone (CD56) that only they have.
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Are the cats capable of using guns? How?
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Yes, they can identify IgG. They do this with their TaGs on their collar. (CD16)
Cats use their tags to find guns. |
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What suppresses Th2 cell differentiation and favors Th1?
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The presence of tabs (INF-y), which indicates that it is more of an alien invasion. These are tabs for emergencies!!!
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What suppresses Th1 cell differentiation and favors Th2?
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The presence of rye IL-4. Rye bread is a special thing shared by the pregnant ladies and their funny assistants that perpetuates their love.
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What cytokines do Th2 cells produce and what do they all have in common?
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1. IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13
Rye, Oats, Aloe, Tum They are all anti-inflammatory (carbs and soothing agents) and suppress Th1 differentiation. |
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What antibodies work well against helminths?
Mnemonic? |
IgE
Epees to skewer the worms! |
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Which cells get roses to give to others?
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All activated T helper cells.
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What happens if a B cell doesn't get a rose?
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1. No T helper cell dependent activation is possible and they will only be able to secrete IgM
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What happens if a macrophage never gets a rose?
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They will not be able to step their game up and become activated to hazard site status.
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What does IL-7 function represent?
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Kiwis are necessary for the development of both B and T cells and they also favor the growth of the SWAT team over the super troopers.
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Mnemonic for DiGeorge syndrome.
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Imagine Boy George wearing a necklace with a tiny thymus on it.
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How do the serious assistants activate cats?
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They will put out tabs (INF-y) to indicate a state of emergency.
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What is secreted along with IFN-y and acts the same as it? Mnemonic?
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TNF-b
When you get to pulling out the tabs, you want to listen to the remix of TNT in order to really get down to business and feel like a badass. |
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Which cytokines will drive Th1 differentiation?
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IL-12, IFN-y, and TGF-b
TuNa, tabs, and breadsticks from TGIF will favor Th1 production. Easy to remember because they like tuna and the last two are things that they secrete themselves so they are just amping themselves up. |
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Which cytokines secreted by Th2 cells will participate in B cell proliferation?
Mnemonic? |
IL-13 and IL-6
The funny assistant feed the pregnant ladies tums and hoagies |
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Why is losing T cell function worse than losing phagocytic or humoral immunity?
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Because T cells are so central and the helpers activate every other kind of immunity that is adaptive.
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WHat is secreted along with IFN-y all the time? Mnemonic?
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TNF-b. You are always listening to a remix of TNT when blowing **** up. (pulling the tab)
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What do B cells need to proliferate?
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IL-6 and IL-13
They are fed hoagies and tums by the funny assistants in order to start cloning themselves. |
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What cytokines will favor Th2 predominance?
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IL-4 and IL-10 (Rye and Oats)
The carbs will stimulate the funny assistants. They are more laid back so they eat carbs. |
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What cytokines will favor Th1 predominance?
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IL-12, IFN-y, and TNF-b
The protein will stimulate the serious assistants. Also they stimulate themselves with the intense tab presence and playing TNT remix in the background. |
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What is a naive cell? Mnemonic?
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A cell that hasn't been exposed to foreign anitgen. They don't know what the world is like.. they are so naive!
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Mnemonic for what will recognize PAMPS.
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PAMPs are recognized by toll like receptors and Pattern recognition receptors (PRR)
Pimps need to pass through a toll and also get PR's to manage them. |
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What marker does a T regulatory cell have?
Mnemonic? |
CD25.
These regulatory cells are super AnaL. |
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Mnemonic for the cytokines secreted by Th2.
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Rye, Aloe, Hoagie, Tums
Think about all the ways that B cells are influenced. Rye and Aloe for class switching. Hoagie and Tums for differentiation. |
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What induces class switching to IgG?
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IFN-y and IL-4
IFN-y = you want to pull the trigger of the gun. (also NK cells are activated by IFN- y and recognize IgG) IL-4 - Rye is the activating factor for B cells and B cells naturally produce IgG right away. |
