Midterm 1

Front 1

Which of the following is the best modern definition of evolution

Back 1

Descent with modification

Front 2

Which of the pairs of plant structures below are homologous

Back 2

Rose bush leaf and oak tree leaf

Front 3

Similar gill pouches in embryos of a chick, human, and cat are an example of

Back 3

Developmental homology

Front 4

The idea of limited resources curbing population growth was formalized mathematically by who of the following

Back 4

Cuvier

Front 5

The concept of natural selection as a mechanism for evolution was proposed by:

Back 5

Both Darwin and wallace

Front 6

Which piece of evidence supports the hypothesis shown in the "within the artiodactyls" origin of the whale lineage, suggesting that the whale lineage diverged from lineage leading to the hippos after the other members of the order artiodactyla (pigs, camels, etc) diverged?

Back 6

DNA comparisons show that whales and hippos share more genetic sequences than whales share with other artiodactyls

Front 7

Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events under the influence of natural selection

1) well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly-adopted individuals

2) a change occurs in the environment

3) genetic frequencies within the population change

4) poorly-adapted individuals have decreased survivorship

Back 7

2-->4-->1-->3

Front 8

Over long periods of time, many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes. Tapeworm have lost their digestive systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs. How can natural selection account for these losses?

Back 8

Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater cost than benefits

Front 9

Natural selection is based on all the following except

Back 9

Individuals adapt to their environment and, thereby, evolve.

Front 10

Which of the following statements about species, as defined by the biological species concept, is (are) correct

I) biological species are defined by reproductive isolation

II) biological species are the model used for grouping extinct forms of life.

III) all members of a species can potentially interbreed.

Back 10

I and III

Front 11

Rocky mountain juniper and one seeded juniper have overlapping ranges. Pollen grains (which contain sperm nuclei) from one species are unable to germinate and make pollen tubes to bring the sperm nuclei to the female ovules (which contain egg cells) of the other species. These two juniper are kept separate by

Back 11

Gametic isolation

Front 12

What does the biological species concept use as the primary criterion for determining species boundaries

Back 12

Gene flow

Front 13

The largest unit within which gene flow can readily occur is

Back 13

A species

Front 14

Males of different species of the fruit fly drosophila that live in the same parts of the Hawaiian islands have different elaborate courtship rituals. These rituals involve fighting other males and making stylized movements that attract females. What type of reproductive isolation does this represent

Back 14

Behavioral isolation

Front 15

Which of the following describes the most likely order of events in allopathic speciation

Back 15

Genetic isolation, genetic drift, divergence

Front 16

There is an island in the middle of a large river that houses a large population of ants. Damming of the river causes the island to flood and only the highest points of the island are now above water. The ants cannot swim, so are now in multiple isolated populations. Which of the following best describes this event

Back 16

This situation represents isolation by vicariance

Front 17

Which of the following does NOT tend to promote speciation

Back 17

Gene flow

Front 18

Most causes of speciation are relatively slow, in that they may take many generations to see changes, with the exception

Back 18

Polyploidy

Front 19

A hybrid zone is properly defined as

Back 19

An area where mating occurs between members of two closely related species, producing viable offspring

Front 20

The approach to estimating phylogenetic trees is most like the approach of which species concept

Back 20

Phylogenetic species concept

Front 21

Which of the following statement best describes the term synapomorphy?

Back 21

A trait common in a single monophyletic group, but not generally found outside of that group

Front 22

Which of the following is an example of homoplasy?

Back 22

Cell walls in plants and fungi

Front 23

Members of two different species posses a similar-looking structure that they use in a similar way to perform about the same function, which of the following would suggest that the relationship more likely represents homology instead of convergent evolution.

Back 23

The two species share many proteins in common, and the nucleotide sequences that code for these proteins are almost identical

Front 24

The best classification system is that which Most closely

Back 24

Reflects evolutionary history

Front 25

Which statement represents the best explanation for the observation that the nuclear DNA of wolves and domestic dogs has a very high degree of sequence homology? Dogs and wolves

Back 25

Share a very recent common ancestor

Front 26

If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup?

Back 26

Wolf

Front 27

According to the endosymbiotic their of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate

Back 27

From engulfed, originally free-living proteibacteria

Front 28

Which of the following is most likely to lead to paralytic shellfish poisoning

Back 28

Dinoflagellates

Front 29

Which of the following was derived from an ancestral cyanobacterium?

Back 29

Chloroplast

Front 30

The mode of action of ______ during a hazardous algal bloom is to block voltage-gated Na+ channels in neurons

Back 30

Saxitoxin

Front 31

Malaria is caused by member of the

Back 31

Apicomplexa

Front 32

According to the endosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food

Back 32

The engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphophate (ATP)

Front 33

Biological fitness is best defined as

Back 33

Relative the ability of an individual to produce offspring that survive and reproduce

Front 34

When a mosquito infected with plasmodium first bites a human, the plasmodium _______

Back 34

Cells infect the human liver cells

Front 35

A particular species of protist has obtained a chloroplasts via secondary endosymbiosis. You know this because the chloroplasts _______

Back 35

Have three or four membranes

Front 36

Alternation of generations occurs in some protists. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events for this mode of reproduction?

Back 36

Gametophyte -->gamete--> fusion-->sporophyte--> spore--> gametophyte

Front 37

Which of the following is an important role for fungi in the carbon cycle?

Back 37

Fungi release fixed carbon back to the environment for other plants and photosynthetic organisms utilize

Front 38

Fungi that absorb nutrients from decaying plant matter are called ______

Back 38

Saprobes

Front 39

Long branching fungal filaments are called _______

Back 39

Hyphae

Front 40

The vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are _____

I) composed of hyphae

II) referred to as a mucelium

III) usually underground

Back 40

I, II, and III

Front 41

It has been hypothesized that fungi and plants have a mutualistic relationship because plants make sugars available for the fungi's use. What is the best evidence is support of this hypothesis?

Back 41

Radioactively labeled sugars produced by plants eventually show up in the fungi with which they are associated

Front 42

At which stage of a basidiomycete's life cycle would reproduction be hated if an enzyme that prevented the fusion of hyphae was introduced?

Back 42

Plasmogamy

Front 43

You are given an organism to identify. It has a fruiting body that contains many structures with eight haploid spores up in a row. What kind of a fungus is this?

Back 43

Ascomycete

Front 44

What group of fungi has the ability to penetrate it's host's cell wall, thus increasing the efficiency with which materials are passed from the fungus to host?

Back 44

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Front 45

In most fungi, karyogamy does NOT immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently ___

Back 45

Is strong support for the claim that fungi are not triple eukaryotic

Front 46

Microsporidians are considered parasitic because of the ability to penetrate their host cells using ______

Back 46

A polar tube