Microbiology Test Revision Ss

Front 1

List the Kingdoms

Back 1

Animals: vertebrates, invertebrates and anthropods; heterotophic feeders

Front 2

List the Kingdoms

Back 2

Plants: multicellular autotrophs that photosynthesize

Front 3

List the Kingdoms

Back 3

Fungi: yeasts, moulds & mushrooms; heterotophic decomposers

Front 4

List the Kingdoms

Back 4

Monera: all multicellular prokaryotic organisms Prokaryotic: Bacteria, Achaea and Algae

Front 5

List the Kingdoms

Back 5

Protista: slime moulds, some algae, & protozoa; unicellular (one cell) organisms that are not plant, animal, Monera or fungi

Front 6

What is the largest kingdom

Back 6

The Animal Kingom is the largest of these kingdoms and is broken down further into four main groups

Front 7

List in order the taxonomy of ordering things in the Kingdoms

Back 7

The way in which the organisms are divided into these five kingdoms is by:

1. whether the organism has the presence or absence of a nuclear membrane

2. are they unicellular (one cell) or multicellular (many cells)

3. how the organism derives their nutrition  (heterotrophic or autotrophic)

Front 8

Describe the main characteristics of Fungi

Back 8

There are over a million species of Fungi however only a small amount of these have been discovered or identified.
They are capable of growing in a wide variety of habitats and often in colonies.  
Fungi are essential to cycling and recycle of nutrients, they also are important to the health of nearly all plants and animals. 
Most fungi are classified as non-pathogenic where they grow in soil and feed on the organic matter in the soil.  
The fungi that do cause disease are usually opportunistic where they invade people that have a decreased immune system.
fungi are heterotrophs as they require organic matter for growth

Front 9

Describe the main characteristics of Bacteria

Back 9

Single celled microscopic organisms
contains a protective semi rigid cell wall 
cell membrane is made up of CHO and protiens 
Do not contain a nucleus
DNA is a single strand floating around in the cell
Most commonly reproduce by cellular division or by producing spores

Front 10

Describe the main characteristics of Viruses

Back 10

They lack a rigid cell wall, have no nuclei, mitochondria, or ribosomes and some do not have cytoplasm
Unlike bacteria they cannot replicate unless they invade or infect a host: considered an intracellular parasite
Once inside the host the virus replicates by making multiple copies of itself, with the assistance of the host
Viruses have the capabilities to infect any type of organism including plants, animals, bacteria, achaea 
Viruses will not respond to an attack in any way. They will either keep doing what they do or they will be killed
They cannot be cultured on dead or artificial material making it very hard to develop treatments to destroy the virus

Front 11

Describe the main characteristics of Protozoa

Back 11

Unicellular
Single or multiple nuclei
Some are microscopic as they are the smallest organism in the animal kingdom and others can be seen by the unaided eye
Colourless and can be differentiated from Algae (which is in the same Kingdom) as they do not contain chlorophyll.
Most reproduce asexually
Most survive by aerobic metabolism although some that have been found in the human gut can survive by anaerobic metabolism
Surrounded by a cell membrane (not a cell wall)
Heterotrophic: obtain food by phagocytosis from small molecules, food particles or microorganisms found within their environment. 
A parasitic protozoa obtains it's nutrients from the host
Able to mobilise by flagella (tail), cilia (fine hairs on its surface which act like a rudder), and pseudopodia (arching and stretching to move forward; like a worm)

Front 12

Describe the main characteristics of Helminths (worms)

Back 12

Divided into 
Platyhelminths: flat worms
Trematodes: flukes 
Cestodes: tapeworms
Aschelminths: Nematodes: round worms

Front 13

How are bacteria viewed and identified

Back 13

Bateria when stained are classified into either Gram positive or gram negative.
This is due to the differences in the cell walls of the two types of bacteria

Front 14

How are viruses viewed and identified

Back 14

smallest living things, can only be viewed with an electron microscope.

Front 15

Identify the three (3) basic shapes of bacteria and provide an example of a disease for each shape.

Back 15

1:
Rod shaped – Bacilli -

tetanus, tuberculosis, diphtheria, anthrax, Salmonella,  Whooping cough, pneumonia

Front 16

Identify the three (3) basic shapes of bacteria and provide an example of a disease for each shape.

Back 16

2:
Round – Cocci

meningitis, Gonorrhoea, Golden Staph, Boils and pimples, Septicemia - blood poisoning.

Front 17

Identify the three (3) basic shapes of bacteria and provide an example of a disease for each shape.

Back 17

3:
Spiral shaped – spirilla, vibrios, spirochetes

Syphillis, cholera, Lyme Disease

Front 18

Name & briefly describe the basic structural parts of a virus

Back 18

DNA or RNA: (never both) genes are made from the DNA or RNA and is a small piece of nucleic acid which is considered the core of the virus
Capsid: a protein coat which protects the genes. It also helps the virus infect new cells. 
Envelope: only some viruses have this extra envelope. It is made of lipids and proteins like other cells however the envelope assists the virus in getting into the host unnoticed and to also invade new host cells. 
1. Helical Virons
2. Polyhedral Virons
3. Complex Viron

Front 19

Define the terms Infection

Back 19

An invasion of the body by micro-organisms (germs) by bacteria, viruses, protozoa, parasites & fungi, which can multiply & cause disease or illness

Front 20

Describe the term ‘chain of infection’

Back 20

infectious agent,
reservoir,
portal of exit (from the reservoir),
mode of transmission,
and
portal of entry (into a)
susceptible host

Front 21

Identify and explain the four (4) modes of transmission for MO and how they get from one place to another

Back 21

Person-to-person,
Food& Water,
Insects,
Fomites

Front 22

Describe five (5) factors that may increase an individual’s susceptibility to infection

Back 22

diseases like HIV/AIDS which suppress immunity
poorly developed or immature immunity, as in very young children
not being vaccinated
poor nutritional status (e.g. malnourished children)
pregnancy.

Front 23

Define Heterotrophic

Back 23

eat organic matter to produce energy for living. This means they either eat other heterotrophs (many bacteria or animals) or autotrophs (plants)

Front 24

Define Autotrophic

Back 24

absorb light to produce energy and absorb simple organic material from their environments e.g. plants absorb sunlight and absorb nutrients from the soil.

Front 25

Define Sexually

Back 25

they need another microbes DNA to reproduce

Front 26

Define Asexually

Back 26

divides and makes an identical replica of itself

Front 27

Define Nosocomial infection

Back 27

an infection a person acquires whilst they are hospitalised, usually includes respiratory, wound, urinary tract & blood stream infections

Front 28

Define Iatrogenic infection

Back 28

infection caused by the actions of the health care worker

Front 29

Define Opportunistic infection

Back 29

strikes when a hosts immune system is compromised

Front 30

Define Symptomatic

Back 30

exhibit clinical manifestations

Front 31

Define Asymptomatic

Back 31

the pathogen does not cause injury to cells or tissues, and no clinical manifestations of infection

Front 32

Define Mycology

Back 32

the study of fungi.

Front 33

Define Aerobic

Back 33

Lives and thrives with Oxygen

Front 34

Define Anaerobic

Back 34

Lives and thrives with no oxygen

Front 35

Define Carrier

Back 35

An asymptomatic person or animal harboring the pathogen, and acts as a vector transmitting the pathogen to others.

Front 36

Define Normal flora

Back 36

the bodies normal bacteria

Front 37

Define Virulence

Back 37

the pathogenicity of the causative MO (how capable it is of causing disease)

Front 38

Define Germ theory

Back 38

Germ theory states that many diseases are caused by the presence and actions of specific micro-organisms within the body.

Although that seems obvious now, historically it was believed that illnesses just appeared spontaneously. After the development of germ theory, hygienic practices were developed that have saved countless lives

Front 39

Define Pathogenic

Back 39

capable of causing disease

Front 40

Define Non pathogenic

Back 40

exist without causing disease

Front 41

Define Epidemic

Back 41

a large breakout of a contagious infection

Front 42

Define Standard Precautions

Back 42

washing hands, basic hygiene practices

Front 43

Define Additional precautions

Back 43

Keeping kids home from school, containing the infected hosts

Front 44

Define Personal Protective Equipment

Back 44

face mask, gloves, aprons

Front 45

Define Fomite

Back 45

A non-living article or object that is contaminated with pathogens that has the potential to cause disease
Lanyards, jumpers, scarves at work

Front 46

Define Incubation period

Back 46

the time between exposure to an infectious disease and the appearance of the first signs or symptoms

Front 47

Define Cross infection

Back 47

coming into contact with contaminated surfaces or body fluids

Front 48

Define Gram staining

Back 48

positive & negative cell staining to show virulence.

Front 49

Describe the environmental management in terms of the following;

Environmental cleaning

Back 49

the functional areas in a healthcare facility that require cleaning and/or disinfection

Front 50

Describe the environmental management in terms of the following;

Disinfection

Back 50

reduces microbes to an acceptable level

Front 51

Describe the environmental management in terms of the following;

Sterilisation

Back 51

All equipment that penetrates the skin or mucous membranes eg surgical equipment, needles, urinary catheters
Dry Heat: Inactivates cell components by oxidation
Radiation
Chemical Vapours 
Steam Sterilisation: Destroys microorganisms by denaturing cell protein & disrupting hydrogen bonds

Front 52

Describe some risk management strategies to prevent the spread of infection in health care facilities

Back 52

The minimum level of precautions required to control the spread of infection:
All individuals being cared for in the healthcare setting should be considered to be potentially infectious regardless of their Dx
Regardless of whether a pt has a confirmed infection or not & regardless of whether they are symptomatic or asymptomatic
All secretions & excretions (except sweat) are considered potentially infectious
Hand Hygiene, Gloves, gowns and plastic aprons, masks & protective eyewear, Cleaning

Front 53

Describe what is meant by the term surveillance and provide an example of this type of risk management strategy

Back 53

Research over the past 20 years has demonstrated that an active program of surveillance with feedback of surgical wound infection rates to surgeons can reduce subsequent rates by 30–40%. For surveillance data and feedback to be meaningful and influential, however, certain rigorous methodological principles must be observed. First, surveillance data must be collected in an accurate, efficient and confidential manner. This requires written definitions of infection, regular clinical case-finding, post-discharge follow up for short-staying patients, and computer storage, analysis and reporting of the data in coded form that does not publicly identify individuals. Second, the variation in intrinsic risk of the patients of the various surgeons must be controlled for by stratifying the final infection rates on a multivariate risk index, which combines the traditional classes of wound contamination with measures of intrinsic patient susceptibility. This can be accomplished with a relatively small commitment of time by the Infection Control Nurse with the aid of sophisticated computer software that is now available.
National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance (NNDSS)

Front 54

Describe how to limit contamination in the health care environment

Back 54

Staff centered Procedures  
Equipment Oriented Procedures
Resident / Patient centered Procedures

Front 55

Describe what antibiotics are used for

Back 55

A substance produced by one microorganism that inhibits the growth of others
Derivable from a mould or bacterium
Kills micro-organisms & cures bacterial infections
Many antibiotics are now partially or wholly synthesized in a lab

Front 56

What is antibiotic resistance

Back 56

Antibiotics produce a b Lactam ring which breaks down cell wall of bacteria 
Some bacteria have developed an enzyme called b Lactamase which enables it to break down the antibiotics b Lactam ring
Making the efforts of the antibiotics useless
This is an important mechanism through which bacteria become resistant to antibiotics 
Is a major problem

Front 57

How does a vaccine provide immunity for infectious diseases

Back 57

Vaccines are suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms, or products or derivatives of microorganisms
Produces immunity to a disease
It does this by stimulating the production of antibodies
The vaccine stimulates the immune system to recognize the  foreign agent
The B cells make memory cells so if it invades the body in the future it can quickly destroy the disease before it cause disease or any symptoms
by neutralizing it before it enters the cells, 
by recognising and destroying the cells that are infected before it is able to multiply in vast numbers.

Front 58

a eukaryotic cell

Back 58

Eukaryotic: Fungi and Protozoa (plants and humans also fall into this category of type of cells)
Eukaryotic cells:
 There are two types of Eukaryotic cells: Plant and Animal
Contain a double layer membrane made up of lipids (fats) that allow things to pass through
Plants have an additional rigid cell wall
Filled with cytoplasm (a semifluid that the organelles are suspended in)
Contains a cytoskeleton which is a scaffold inside the cytosol that supports the structures in the cell
The organelles inside the cell have their own membrane and are only visible via an electron microscope.
Each of the organelles have their own role in assisting the cell to function (this will be covered in the Human Biology Cells session)
Contains a membrane bound nucleus which holds the cells DNA and this can be seen under a light microscope
DNA is essential for cell division

Front 59

label a eukaryotic cell: Animal

Back 59

Animal:
Ribosomes
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth ER
Lysosome
pinocytotic vesticle
Golgi apparatus
golgi vesticules
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Centrioles x 2
microtubules
cytoplasm
Cell (plasma) membrane

Front 60

label a eukaryotic cell: Plant

Back 60

cell wall
Cell membrane
Golgi apparatus
chloroplast
vacuole membrane
raphide crystal
druse crystal
Mitochondrion
cytoplasm
amyloplast (starch grain)
large central vacuole
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
golgi vesticules