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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the Structures of the Urinary System ?
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× Kidneys- remove waste from the blood and excrete it in urine
× Ureters- urine travels via these to the urinary bladder × Urinary bladder- stores urine until it is eliminated × Urethra- site of urine excretion × Defense system of urinary system: flushing action; desquamation (shedding of the epithelial cells); acidic pH; lysozyme, lactoferrin, lgA antibodies |
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Describe the male reproductive system.
the parts and their functions |
× Male: (23.2)
- Testes- production of sperm cells and hormones - Epididimis- duct leading from the testes - Prostate gland- provides fluid for the semen - Penis- terminal part |
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Describe the female reproductive system.
the parts and their functions |
-Ovaries- production of egg cells
-Fallopian tubes- transport of the egg into the uterus -Uterus- fetusdeelops -Vagina- terminal portion of the system |
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where is the Normal Microbiota of the Urinary tract and Reproductive system ?
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× Urethra
-Colonized by some microorganisms -Primary species include Lactobacillus and Stapholococcus, nonhemolytic streptococci × Remainder of the urinary organs are sterile (under normal conditions) × Male reprodctive system -The regions above the prostate are sterile × Female reproductive system -The vagina is colonized by various microorganisms depending on hormone levels (lactobacillus, corynebacteria, cocci…) -Role of lactobacillus is protective- provides low pH and discourges growth of other microorganisms |
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name 3 Examples of bacterial diseases of the urinary system
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× Example of bacterial diseases of the urinary system
- Cystitis - Leptospirosis - Streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis |
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describe Cystitis
- cause -portal of entry -signs/symptoms -diagnosis -treatment |
× Inflammation of the urinary bladder
× Causitive agents: E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Pseudomonas × Portal of entry: Urethra- often by self-inoculation with fecal bacteria × Females are more susceptible- due to short urethra that is close to anus × Signs/ Symptoms: frequent, urgent, painful urination; urine may be cloudy × Diagnosis: analysis of urine × Treatement: Antimicrobial drugs × *on nutrient agar it will show how much bacteria is on one ml of urine |
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what are the 3 types of STDs?
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- Bacterial STDs
- Viral STDs - Protozoan STDs |
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is candidiasis sexually transmitted?
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no
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describe candidiasis
-cause -Predisposing factors |
× Candidiasis- most common vaginal infection
× Causitive agent: yeast Candida albicans × Not sexually transmitted × Opportunistic overgrowth when the competing (normal) microbiota is supressed × Predisposing factors: diabetes, pregnancy and antibiotic therapy |
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what is Trichomoniasis?
-cause -symptoms - treatment |
Trichomoniasis
× Causitive agent: Trichomonas vaginalis- aerobic protozoan × Inhabitant of vagina and urethra in males × Males have no symptoms of infection × Symptoms in female: irritation and itching with the discharge × Treatment: metranidazol- administered to both partners |
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True or false?
× Bacteria are a common cause in STDs |
true
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true or false.
× Bacteria causing STDs survive on inanimate objects and are thus transmitted via sexual intercourse |
FALSE
× Bacteria causing STDs survive POORLY on inanimate objects and are thus transmitted via sexual intercourse |
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Examples of bacterial STDs ____
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Gonorrhea
Syphilis Chlamydial infections |
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What causes Gonorrhea and how is the infection started?
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× Causitive agent: Neisseria gonorrheae
× Diplococci (Gonococcus) are attached to epithelial cells by fimbriae × The infection is followed by inflammation |
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what are the symptoms of Gonorrhea?
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× Symptoms in males: painful urination and discharge of pus (few days after infection).
× Females are asymtomatic (in most cases). (Abdominal pain as the result of pelvic inflammatory disease) |
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what are the complications of Gonorrhea?
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× Complications of gonorrhea
- If not treated (both males and females) × Gonorrheal endocarditis, gonorrheal meningitis, gonorrheal arthritis, gonorrheal infection of eyes and pharynx - In males: × Blockage of urethra and sprem carrying tube (sterility) - in females: × untreated gonorrhea may lead to ophtalmia neonatorum o blindness caused by infectioin of infants during the birth |
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What is the treatment for Gonorrhea?
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× Treatment: Penicillin, ciprofloxacin, cephalosporins (high rate of resistant strains)
× There is no adaptive immunity |
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Can men get Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?
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No, women only.
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what is Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?
- cause -effects -signs/symptoms -incubation period -treatment |
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)- women only
× Inflammation of the uterus and fallopian tubes × Cause: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamidia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis (rarely) × Untreated PID can cuase ectopic pregnancy or streility × Signs/ symptoms: inflammation of uterine tubes, fever, abdominal pain × Incubation period: months to years after infection × Treatment: cephalosporin |
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true or false
× Chlamydia is the least frequently reported bacterial STD in the united states |
FALSE
× Chlamydia is the MOST frequently reported bacterial STD in the united states |
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why is chlamydia known as the silent diease?
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× Known as a “silent” disease because about ¾ of infected women and ½ of infected men have no symptoms whatsoever
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What are the symptoms of chlamydia?
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× Symptoms in women:
- The bacteria initially infect the cervix and the urethra; might have an abnormal vaginal discharge or a burning sensation when urinating - If not treated- pelvic inflammatory disease × Symptoms in men - Discharge from the penis or a burning sensation when urinating -Up to 25% of women treated for chlamidia get reinfected within three to six months |
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what causes Syphilis?
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× Causitive agent- Treponema pallidum, Gr- spirochete
Cannot be grown on artificial media |
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how is syphilis transmitted and what is the incubation period?
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× Transmitted by sexual contact
- Can also be transmitted from mother to fetus × Incubation is between 2 weeks to several months |
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what are the stages of syphilis?
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The disease has several stages:
× Primary stage ~Soft chancre- small lesions on the skin in the site of infection ~10-90 days after infection ~They are painless and later disappear ~The bacteria enter the blood stream × Secondary stage ~Seceral weeks aftr the primary stage0 skin rashes and lesions (contains bacteria), infection by non-sexual contact is possible ~The symptoms disappear and the disease remains latent for 2-4 years (non- infectious stage) × Tertiary stage ~Largely non-transmissible ~Primary and secondary syphilis are not disabling- if not treated prodresses to 3rd stage ~Lesions called gummas (rubbery thickening of the skin or internal organs)- not very infectious ~Organs affected- cardiovascular system, and brain resulting in personality change, blindness and seizure |
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How is syphilis diagnosed and what is the treatment for it?
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Syphilis
× Diagnosis of primary, secondary, and congenital syphilis: presence of specific antibody against T. pallidum antigens × Treatment: Benzathin penicillin- long lasting, remains in body for 2 weeks |
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what is Congenial Syphilis?
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× Occurs when a child is born to a mother with seconday or tertiary syphilis
× Some infants have symptoms at birth, but most develop symptoms later (23.16 b) |
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what causes Genital Herpes ?
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× Causitive agent: Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)
× HSV-1 can also cause Genital Herpes |
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what are the symptoms of genital herpes?
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× Symptoms: (one week after infection) Asymptomatic, or vesicles appear on the skin of genital organs, painful urination
Blisters may form at sites far from initial infection site × Rarely meningitis or encephalitis may occue × Vesicles disappear in 2 weeks × Herpesvirus kills epithelial cells at infection site |
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true or flase
Herpevirus doesn't kill epithelial cells at infection site, it kills connective cells. |
FALSE.
× Herpesvirus kills epithelial cells at infection site |
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Describe if Herpes virus remains latent and where?
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× Virus remains in a latent state in nerve cells Reactivation of a virus can happen every 3-4 months
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is there a cure for herpes?
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no
but × Acyclovir alleviates the symptoms × Valaclovir if taken daily reduces sexual transmission |
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Describe Wart Diesase
-cause -symptoms -prevention -treatment |
× Caused by human papillomavirus (HPV)- more then 90 different types of this virus
× Symptoms: warts- outgrowth of tissue on the genital or on the skin in the groin area × Some types of HPV in females can lead to malignancies of the cervix (HPV-16 and HPV-18) × The existing vaccine provides protection against 4 types of HPV. Recommended for girls age 9 × Prevention: Precancerous changes can be detected early- Pap smear × The affected tissue is removed |
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what is the most causative agent for urinary tract infections?
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e.coli
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true or false
The secondary stage of syphilis infection of non sexual contact is possible |
true
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