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172 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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skin, a nonspecific defense, is a physical barrier that secretes antibicrobial chemicals such as....
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-acidic and salty secretions
-waterproofing keratin that prevents water-soluble substances from entering the body: finger nails and hair -sebum |
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what is sebum?
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an oily substance that provides nutrients for normal flora and keeps the skin at an acidic pH that DISCOURAGES PATHOGEN GROWTH
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bacterial skin diseases require what to be pathogenic?
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a break in the skin barrier
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staphylcococcal infections include...
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staphylococcus aureus, folliculitis, scalded skin syndrome
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general information on Staphylococcus aureus...
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-grows in clumps
-is halotolerant: salt tolerant -resistant to many antibiotics -spread by direct contact |
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what are the virulence factors of staphylococcus aureus?
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-protein A: antiphagocytic
-coagulas: utilizes fibrin from the clot it caused to begin with Exfoliatin: causes layers of the skin to peal off |
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how do you form a diagnosis of staphylococcus aureus?
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culture
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what are the treatments for staphylococcus aureus?
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penicillins and vancomycin
-some strands are HIGHLY resistant |
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general information of Folliculitis...
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-comes in the form of pimples or pustules caused by organisms that have invaded the skin through hair follicle
-hot tubs are bad |
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what 2 organisms can cause folliculitis?
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Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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what is a sty and what disease is it caused by?
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-infected hair follicle at the base of an eyelash
-folliculitis |
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what is an abscess and what disease is it caused by?
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-a large deep, pus filled infection
-folliculitis |
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what is a furuncle (or boil) and what disease is it caused by?
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-an exterior abscess
-folliculits |
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what is biofilm and what disease does it inhance pathogenicity for?
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-bacteria that grows in the jets or the pipes that lead to the hot tub. They grow in a film and are water loving
-folliculitis |
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what four diseases can be contracted by a hot tub?
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-folliculits
-leganella -herpes -trichomonas |
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staph abscesses are usually ____, which causes what?
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encapsulated
-prevents septicemia: blood infection -limits antibiotic access |
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to what degree are staph infections contagious?
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highly, especially in older patients
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what action is sometimes necessary to heal staph infections?
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lancing
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what causes scalded skin syndrome?
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staph. aureus
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scalded skin syndrome only occurs if...
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the exotoxin EXFOLIATIN is produced: the staph that causes it has the genetic information to produce that toxin
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how many forms of the toxin that causes scalded skin syndrome are there?
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2: one on the chromosome, another on a plasmid
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how does exfoliatin travel through the body?
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the blood
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what does exfoliatin cause?
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the epidermis to split and peel off in layers
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scalded skin syndrome is most common in who?
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infants
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how long does it take for "scalded skin" to return to normal?
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(after lesions dry) about 7-10 days
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what is commonly present along with the scalded skin symptom?
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a high fever
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what rarely occurs, but is serious, as a result of scalded skin syndrome?
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septicemia and death
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what infections does streptococcal cause (6)?
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scarlett fever, strep throat, erysipelas, pyoderma, impetigo and acne
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what is the major virulence factor of streptococci?
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M protein: makes it antiphagocytic
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how are streptococcal infections spread and about what percentage of the population are carriers?
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direct contact and aerosols; 5-20%
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what are 2 other forms of sterptococcal infections?
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-scarlett fever and erysipelas
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how do you diagnose a streptococcal infection?
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RAPID TEST and culture
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what is the treatment for a streptococcal infection?
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penicillin and/or macrolides (erythromycin and azythromycin)
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what is the specific causative agent of scarlet fever?
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stretpococcus pyogenes:
-it is a strain that has the plasmid containing the erythrogenic toxin which causes a red rash |
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how many different types of toxin that cause scarlet fever have been isolated?
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3: each one can only cause scarlet fever once
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what is the specific causative agent for erysipelas?
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hemolytic streptococci
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what is another name for erysipelas?
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st. anthony's fire (2000 yrs ago)
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general information about erysipelas...
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-before antibiotics: it caused a high mortality rate
-not very common today -infection occurs at the sight of injury and spreads along the lymphatic lines -lesions are very clear, almost painted on -tends to reoccur, no good protective immunity (antigen) |
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what is the pus producing skin infection that is caused by staphylococcus, streptococcus or corynebacterium?
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pyoderma
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pyoderma is caused by what three diseases?
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staphylococcus, streptococcus and corynebacterium
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what is a highly contagious form of pyoderma
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imeptigo
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general info about impetigo...
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-usually cuased by a combination of staph and strep
-occurs generally in college kids and younger -travels rapidly on fomites -rarely scars but can cause loss of pigment |
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what causes massive spread of imeptigo?
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-large families
-wrestling mats |
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what is an infection of the sebaceous glands called?
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acne
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what usually causes acne?
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occurs in response to an increase in testosterone levels in the body
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what is the most effective treatment for acne?
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frequent skin cleansing
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what are the medicinal treatments for acne?
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antibiotics: tetracycline and acutane
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what is acutane and what are the side effects?
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-derivative of Vitamin A: makes your body think that it is overdosing on vitamin A so that the sebaceous glands stop producing so much sebum
-side effects: can cause depression, liver damage, birth defects and severe dryness |
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80 % of deaths among burn patients are caused by
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pseudomonas aeruginosa
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pseudomonas aeruginosa are what morphology?
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gram negative aerobic bacilli
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what are the virulence factors of pseudomonas aeruginosa...
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attachment pili and mucin capsule
-musin capsule protects against phagocytosis |
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general information of pseudomonas aeruginosa...
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-common water and plant bacteria: nosocomial
-causes many kinds of infections -diagnosis: culture -treatment: combination antibiotic therapies |
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what is used to treat burn infections (pseudomonas aeruginosa)
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polymixins as a topical treatment
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what is an infection of the sebaceous glands called?
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acne
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what usually causes acne?
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occurs in response to an increase in testosterone levels in the body
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what is the most effective treatment for acne?
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frequent skin cleansing
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what are the medicinal treatments for acne?
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antibiotics: tetracycline and acutane
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what is acutane and what are the side effects?
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-derivative of Vitamin A: makes your body think that it is overdosing on vitamin A so that the sebaceous glands stop producing so much sebum
-side effects: can cause depression, liver damage, birth defects and severe dryness |
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____ of the would allows antibiotics to prevent infection
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debridment (scraping away of the infected tissue)
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why are burn patients difficult to treat overall?
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-they don't eat well
-they have electrolyte imbalances -they have no skin |
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what are indicative signs of pseudomonas infections?
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greenish discoloration or a grape-like odor
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what bacteria causes gas gangrene
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clostridium perfringes
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what is special about clostridium perfringes?
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-they are obligate anaerobes: has to live without oxygen
-they make spores which can germinate and grow, causing extensive damage |
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exotoxins and enzymes such as _____, _____ and _____ kill other host cells and extend the anaerobic environment.
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collangenases, proteases and lipases
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Clostridium perfinges has what that distorts and destroys the tissue?
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gas production
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the flesh left over in a gas gangrene victim is known as ____ and has a fould smell.
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crepitant (rattling) tissue
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symptoms of gas gangrene are...
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high fever, shock, massive tissue destruction and blackening of the skin
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what is the first drug of choice to treat gas gangrene?
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penicillin
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how is gas gangrene treated?
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treated by amputation or hyperbaric oxygen-body is put in a chamber of 100% oxygen, increases oxygen in all fluids and tissues by 20%
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when does gas gangrene set in?
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12 to 48 hrs after injury
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wounds can occur almost anywhere that there has been an opening that has been caused by...
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surgery, laceration, pumcture, penetration, abrasion or gun shot
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wound infections are normally caused by...
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any opportunist
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what is the most common cause of wound infections?
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-E. coli or other enteric gram negative rods
-pseudomonas -enterococcus, -streptococcus, -staphylococcus -anaerobic organisms |
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what about the causative agents of wound infections makes them difficult to treat
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the fact that many are caused by mixed infections and have more than one causative agent
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what tactics are all very important for a successful treatment?
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-gram stain
-culture -identification -susceptibilities |
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Rbella is also known as
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german measles
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rubella is caused by
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the rubella virus: generally mild
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signs of rubella is what?
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a flat pink rash that appears first on the trunk 16-21 days after infection.
the carrier is infectious for 5 days prior to rash and then for 10 more days after rash disappears. 25-50% of the population are carriers |
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congenital rubella syndrome occurs when?
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during first 9 weeks of pregnancy
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what are the effects of congenital rubella syndrome?
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the child will be blind, deaf or stillborn
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general facts about Rubella...
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-high rate of virus shed from the body
-no anti-viral drug therapy |
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diagnosis of rubella is made by...
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rubella antibody titer assay
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facts about the vaccine for Rubella
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-developed in late 1960s
-good immunity is produced by the vaccine (MMRV) but immunity to the live virus is better -booster shots are recommended |
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measels is caused by what virus (also what genus)?
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rubeola virus; genus Morbillivirus
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how does the measles virus gain entrance to the body?
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via the nose, mouth or eyes
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when do symptoms for measels appear?
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within 9-21 days of contraction
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how are measles transmitted?
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aerosol droplets: only affects humans
-most infectious during prodrome: when you're feeling sick |
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what are the first signs of the measles?
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Koplick's spots on the inside of the mouth: a raised red spot with a bluish spec in the middle
-followed by a cough and fever followed by a descending rash |
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what is the sequelae (lasting after effect) of the measles?
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subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)
-occurs 6-8 yrs after infection in children who had measles before age 3 -almost 100% fatal -caused by the persistence of measels viruses in brain tissue and causes death of nerve cells |
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what is measles like in developing worlds?
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15% fatal
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what is the treatment for measels
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treatment is symptomatic, there are no drugs
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immunity following measles infection is...
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lifelong, however the vaccine is not that good
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SSPE can be a problem, has been attributed to...
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the vaccine in a few cases
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what causes chicken pox and shingles?
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the varicella zoster virus (VZV): from the Herpes family
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how does VZV enter the body?
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via upper respiratory tract and eyes
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once VZV enters body, what occurs?
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replicated at the site of entry and then enters the blood stream
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what are the signs and symptoms of the chicken pox?
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fever, malaise
-14 days after exposure: small, irregular, rose colored, skin lesions: these lesions appear for 2-4 days in cycles that coincide with virus replication |
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what is a common thought of chicken pox?
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that it is a mild disease of childhood, but it can be fatal if the virus invades the lungs extensively
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when are the children infectious (chicken pox)
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48 hours before skin lesions appear (90% rate)
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what causes recurrence of the VZV virus? (chicken pox)
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varicella-zoster is a herpes virus, it can lie dormant in nerve cells (specifically dorsal root ganglion)
-recurrence of zoster provides a "booster" for immunity -3rd or 4th occurrences can occur, but usually that indicates an immunodeficiency |
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what is shingles?
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a latent virus that resides in the cranium and spine
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once VZV is reactivated, what happens?
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the viruses spread from the ganglion along the pathway of the associated nerve
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what causes the latent virus of shingles to activate?
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cell mediated immunity drops: due to cancers, spinal cord injury, heavy metal poisoning or immunosuppresion
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what are the symptoms of shingles?
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mild itching, continuous/sever pain, lesions that look just like chicken pox
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what kind of disease is chicken pox classified as?
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endemic disease
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what time of the year is highest incidence of chicken pox?
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between march and april
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what age ranges are most likely to be affected by chicken pox?
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children from 5-9 and adults over 45
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how is chicken pox spread?
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respiratorily and contact with moist lesions
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what is the diagnosis and treatment for chicken pox?
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-diagnosed based on history and lesion type
-treatment is symptomatic but NOT ASPIRIN -vaccine is available: may cause shingles later in life |
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besides chicken pox, what are the other "pox diseases"?
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small pox and cowpox
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what is important about small pox?
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it was once a major killer but has since been irradicated (is gone)
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what is significant about cow pox?
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caused by vaccinia virus: numerous lesions and other complications: usually NOT fatal
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warts are caused by what?
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Human Papilloma Virus: HPV
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how does HPV affect its victims lifelong?
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it's genome is integrated into host DNA
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what are the warts associated with HPV like?
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vary in size and shape: from self limiting, subclinical to precancerous
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how is HPV transmitted?
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-direct contact or through fomites
-dermal warts gain access through abraded skin or mucous membranes -genital warts: sexual contact |
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what is HPV's incubation period and how long does it last?
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incubation period is very long and usually lasts a year or so
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how is HPV diagnosed and treated?
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-diagnosed via immunological tests and observation
-treatment usually involves removal of the effected tissue by one of several methods -recurrences are common |
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what is fungal disease caused by?
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-dermatophtes: fungi that invade keratinized tissue
-dermatomycosis: fungi that invade deeper tissues of the skin |
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ring worm is not a worm..what is it?
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a dermatophyte
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what is tinea corporis?
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body ringworm
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what is tinea cruris?
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jock itch
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what is tinea unguium?
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ringworm of the nails
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what is tinea capitis?
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scalp ringworm
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what is tinea barbae?
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beard ringworm
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how is ring worm contracted?
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by contact
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is ring worm easy or difficult to eradicate?
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difficult
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how is ring worm treated?
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anti-fungals: tolnaftate: (tinactin) or miconazol
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what is tinea pedis?
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athlete's foot: fungal infection of the foot
-highly contagious-prevent by keeping the feet clean and dry |
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what are 2 types of subcutaneous fungal infections?
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sporotrichosis and blastomycosis
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what is sporotrichosis caused by?
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Sporothrix schenckii
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where does sporothrix schenckii (causitive agent of sporotrichosis) come from?
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-plants (sphagnum moss)
-common in the Mississippi Valley |
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what is the sign of sporotrichosis?
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pus filled lesions that spread to lymphatic vessels?
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what is the treatment for sporotrichosis?
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cutaneous-potassium iodide
-if systemic: amphotericin B |
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what is the causative agent of blastomycosis?
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blastomyces dermatitidis
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where is blastomyces dermatitidis found?
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common in the soil of the central and southeastern states
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how does blastomycosis enter the body?
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via the skin and lungs
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what does blastomycosis cause and what is the treatment?
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-causes disfiguring granulomas
-treated with amphotericin B |
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what is an example of an opportunistic fungal infection?
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candidiasis
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what causes candidiasis?
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candida albicans
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candidiasis superficially appears as what?
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thrush
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candidiasis is a common cause of what?
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vaginitis: especially when sugar content is high
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what is special about some strains of candidiasis?
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they are STDs
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candida can also invade what part of the body?
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the nails if they are under water for long periods of time
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what infection is very common in AIDS patients?
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candidiasis
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what causes madura foot?
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caused by true fungi and actinomycetes
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where does madura foot occur and what action is often necessary?
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occurs in the tropics
amputation is often necessary |
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what causes swimmer's itch?
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schistosomes
-occurs throughout the midwes especially in the great lakes area: organism only grows close to the shore -organism burrows into skin |
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what is the causative agent of blastomycosis?
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blastomyces dermatitidis
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what is ophthalmia neonatorum?
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a pyogenic eye infection of the newborn
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where is blastomyces dermatitidis found?
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common in the soil of the central and southeastern states
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how does blastomycosis enter the body?
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via the skin and lungs
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what does blastomycosis cause and what is the treatment?
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-causes disfiguring granulomas
-treated with amphotericin B |
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what is an example of an opportunistic fungal infection?
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candidiasis
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what is ophthalmia neonatorum?
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a pyogenic eye infection of the newborn
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ophthalmia neonatorum is commonly caused by what?
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neisseria gonorrhea or chlamydia trachomatis
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how does the bacteria infect the newborn and cause ophthalmia neonatorum?
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organisms are present in the birth canal at the time of birth: infect and colonize the eyes
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what is keratitis?
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an inflammation of the cornea
-can progress to blindness |
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what is the treatment for ophthalmia neonatorum?
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-erythromycin is put into babies eyes at birth for prevention of eye infections
-in the past, a few drops of 1% silver nitrate was put into the eyes of newborns to kill any Neisseria gonorrhoeae that may be present in the eyes of the newborn but was unaffected by chlamydia |
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what causes bacterial conjunctivits? and what is it also known as?
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caused by several organisms:
-staph aureus, strep pneumonia, neissera gonorrhoeae, pseudomonas, haemophilis influenza, moraxella -aka pinkeye |
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what is treatment for pinkeye and where is it particularly contagious?
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treated by trimethoprim/polymyxin (polytrim) ointment is the best treatment
-extremely contagious: especially in day care centers |
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what causes trachoma?
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chlamydia trachomatis
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what are the signs of trachoma?
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-pebbled appearance on swollen conjunctiva
-scarring of the eyelids causes them to turn inward, leading to scarring and destruction of the cornea and blindness |
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trachoma is the leading cause of what?
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preventable blindness in the world
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how many people have trachoma?
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500 million people
-20 million are already blind |
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how is trachoma transmitted?
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flies are vectors and also can be spread by human transfer
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what causes river blindness?
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parasitic eye disease
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what causes river blindness...
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larvae of roundworm
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what are the affects of river blindness
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some villages almost all of the people who reach age 30 are blind
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what is the vector of river blindness?
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black flies
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what causes loaisis
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loa loa worm
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what are 2 types of parasitic eye disease
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river blindness and loaiasis
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