Microbiology Ch 5 Metabolism

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Metabolism

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The sum if all chemical reactions within a living organism. Is the buildup and breakdown of nutrients within a cell. These chemical reactions release energy or create energy. (Energy-balancing act)

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Enzymes

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Proteins, produced by living cells, that catalyze chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

Generally globular proteins with characteristics 3 dimensional shapes.

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ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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The energy for chemical reactions is stored as ATP. A molecule that cells use to manage energy needs.

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Catabolic / catabolism

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Chemical reaction that results in the breakdown of complex organic molecules into simple compounds, releasing energy.

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Anabolic / anabolism

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Refers to the chemical reaction in which simpler substances are combined to form complex molecules. Requires energy

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How are Catabolic and Anabolic pathways linked?

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Catabolic reactions provide the energy needed for anabolic reactions.

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Metabolism pathways

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Sequence of chemical reactions, are determined by its enzymes

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Collision theory

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The principle that chemical reactions occur because energy is gained as particles collide

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Activation energy

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The amount of energy needed to disrupt the stable electron configuration in any molecule so the electrons can be rearranged.

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Reaction rate

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The frequency of collisions containing sufficient energy to bring about a reaction

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Catalyst

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Substance that can speed up a chemical reaction without being altered themselves

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Substrates

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Any compund in which an enzyme reacts.

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Turnover number

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The maximum number of substrates a enzyme molecule converts to product each second.

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Denaturation

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Enzymes loss of its characteristics three dimensional structure

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Saturation

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An active site on enzymes are always occupied by substrate or product molecule

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Competitive inhibitors

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Fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the normal substrate for the site

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Noncompetitive inhibitors

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do not compete with substrates, instead they interact with another part of the apoenzyme or on the cofactor and decrease the enzymes ability to combine with the normal substrate

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Feedback inhibition (end-product feedback

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Occors when the end-product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzymes activity near the start of the pathway.

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Ribozymes

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Function as catalysts, have active sites that bind to substrates, cut and splice RNA and are involved in protein synthesis at ribosomes

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Oxidation-reduction

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Coupled reaction, each time one substrate is oxidized( loses a electron), another is simultaneously reduced (gaining an electron through reduction)

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How are enzymes effecient

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The can operate at relatively low temps, & are subject to various cellular controls.

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What happens when enzymes and substrates combine?

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The substrates is transformed and the enzyme is recovered

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How are enzymes characterized

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By their specificity, which is the function of their active sites.

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Enzymes are characterized by

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6 classes on the basis of the type of reactions they catalyze

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How does temperature influence enzymatic activities

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High temps, the enzymes undergo denaturation and lose their catalytic properties. Low temps the reaction rate dereases.

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What is Optimum pH?

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The pH at which enzymatic activities is maximum

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Oxidation is?

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the removal of one or more electrons from a substrate. Protons (H+) are often removed with the electrons.

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Reduction of substrate?

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refers to the gain of one or more electrons.

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NAD+ is

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the oxidized form

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NADH is

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the reduced form

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Glucose roles in energy production

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glucose is a reduced molecule ; energy is released during a cells oxidation of glucose

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Photophosphorylation

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energy from light is trapped by chlorophyll, and electrons are passed through a series of electron acceptors. the electron transfer releases energy used for synthesis of ATP.

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how ATP generated?

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energy release during certain metabolic reactions can be trapped to from ATP from ADT and P (phosphate). the addition of a P molecule is called phosphorylation.

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what happens during substrate-level phosphorylation?

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a high-energy P from intermediate in catabolism is added to ADP

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what happens during oxidative phosphorylation?

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energy is released as electrons are passed to a series of electron acceptors (an electron transport chant) and finally to O2 or another inorganic compound.

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what are metabolic pathways

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a series of enzymatic catalyzed chemical reactions, that store energy in and release energy from organic molecules.

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Most of a cells energy is produces?

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from the oxidation of carbohydrates

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What are the 2 major types of carbohydrate catabolism?

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Respiration

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The most common pathway for the oxidation of glucose?

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Glycolysis. Pyruvic acid is the end-product.

Glycolysis yields two ATP and two NADH molecules are produced from one glucose molecule.

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The pentose phosphate pathway is used to?

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Oxidize five-carbonsugars; one ATP and 12 NADPH molecules are produced from one glucose molecule.

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The Entner-Doudoroff pathway yields?

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one ATP and two NADPHmolecules from oxidation of one glucose molecule.

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During respiration, organic molecules?

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Are oxidized.Energy is generated from oxidations in the electron transportchain.

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In aerobic respiration:

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O2 functions as the final electronacceptor.

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In anaerobic respiration:

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the final electron acceptor is not O2; the electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration include NO3-, SO42-,and CO32-.

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Decarboxylation of pyruvic acid produces:

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one CO2 molecule and one acetyl group.

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Two-carbon acetyl groups are oxidized in the Krebs cycle.

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Electrons are picked up by NAD+ and FAD for the electrontransport chain.

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Decarboxylation produces:

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six molecules of CO2 in the Krebs Cycle.

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The electron transport chain consists of:

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carriers, including flavoproteins, cytochromes, and ubiquinones.

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Protons being pumped across the membrane generate:

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a proton motive force as electrons move through a series of acceptors or carriers.

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Energy produced from movement of the protons back across themembrane is used by:

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ATP synthase to make ATP from ADP and P.

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In eukaryotes, electron carriers are located in:

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Innermitochondrial membrane.

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In prokaryotes, electron carriers are in:

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the plasma membrane.

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In aerobic prokaryotes, 38 ATP molecules can be produced from :

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complete oxidation of a glucose molecule in glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

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In eukaryotes, 36 ATP molecules are produced from:

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completeoxidation of a glucose molecule.

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Fermentation releases energy from :

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sugars or other organic molecules by oxidation. O2 is not required for fermentation.

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In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvic acid is:

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reduced by NADH tolactic acid.

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In alcohol fermentation, acetaldehyde is:

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reduced by NADH toproduce ethanol.

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Heterolactic fermenters can use the pentose phosphate pathway to produce:

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lactic acid and ethanol.

Hetero- use organic compounds for carbon

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Lipases hydrolyze lipids into:

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glycerol and fatty acids.

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Fatty acids and other hydrocarbons are catabolized by:

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betaoxidation.

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Catabolic products can be further broken down in:

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glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

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Before amino acids can be catabolized, they must be converted to:

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various substances that enter the Krebs cycle.

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Transamination, decarboxylation, and desulfurization reactionsconvert the :

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amino acids to be catabolized.

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Bacteria and yeast can be identified by:

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detecting action of theirenzymes.

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Fermentation tests are used to determine whether an organism can:

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ferment a carbohydrate to produce acid and gas.

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Photosynthesis is:

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the conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy; the chemical energy is used for carbonfixation.

Photo- use light as energy

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Chlorophyll a is used by:

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green plants, algae, andcyanobacteria.

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Electrons from chlorophyll pass through an:

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electrontransport chain, from which ATP is produced bychemiosmosis.

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Photosystems are made up of:

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chlorophyll and other pigmentspacked into thylakoid membranes.

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In cyclic photophosphorylation, the electrons :

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return to thechlorophyll.

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In noncyclic photophosphorylation, the electrons are used toreduce?

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NADP+. The electrons from H2O or H2S replace those lostfrom chlorophyll.

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When H2O is oxidized by green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria,

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O2 is produced; when H2S is oxidized by the sulfur bacteria, S0granules are produced.

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CO2 is used to synthesize:

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sugars in the Calvin-Benson cycle.

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Sunlight is converted to chemical energy in:

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Oxidation reactionscarried on by phototrophs. Chemotrophs can use this chemicalenergy.

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In oxidation delete reactions, energy is derived from:

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the transfer of electrons.

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To produce energy, a cell needs:

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an electron donor (organic orinorganic), a system of electron carriers, and a final electronacceptor (organic or inorganic).

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Photoautotrophs obtain energy by photophosphorylation and fixcarbon from CO2 via the:

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Calvin-Benson cycle to synthesize organiccompounds.

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Cyanobacteria are:

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Oxygenic phototrophs.

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Green bacteria andpurple bacteria are:

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anoxygenic phototrophs.

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Photoheterotrophs use light as an energy source and anorganic compound for their:

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carbon source and electrondonor.

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Chemoautotrophs use inorganic compounds as their:

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Energy sourceand carbon dioxide as their carbon source.

Chemo- use Oxidation-reduction reaction as energy source

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Chemoheterotrophs use complex organic molecules as their:

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carbonand energy sources.

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Glycogen is formed from:

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ADPG.

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UDPNAc is the starting material for the:

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biosynthesis ofpeptidoglycan.

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Lipids are synthesized from:

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fatty acids and glycerol.

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Glycerol is derived from:

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dihydroxyacetone phosphate, and fattyacids are built from acetyl CoA.

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Amino acids are required for:

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protein biosynthesis.

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All amino acids can be synthesized either directly or indirectlyfrom :

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Intermediates of carbohydrate metabolism, particularly fromthe Krebs cycle.

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The sugars composing nucleotides are derived from either:

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the pentose phosphate pathway or the Entner-Doudoroff pathway.

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Carbon and nitrogen atoms from certain amino acids form thebackbones of:

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the purines and pyrimidines.

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Anabolic and catabolic reactions are integrated through a group of:

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common intermediates. Such integrated metabolic pathways are referred to as amphibolicpathways.