Microbiology An Introduction Chapter 5 Tortora

Front 1

METABOLISM

Back 1

THE SUM OF ALL CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Front 2

CATABOLISM

Back 2

CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT BREAKDOWN MOLECULES AND PRODUCE ENERGY

Front 3

ANABOLISM

Back 3

CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT REQUIRE ENERGY TO COMBINE MOLECULES

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ENZYMES

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PROTEINS THAT CATALYZE REACTIONS BY LOWERING THE ACTIVATION ENERGY & END IN ~ASE

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GLOBULAR

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SHAPE OF ENZYMES

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HOLOENZYMES

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MOST ENZYMES MADE UP OF APOENZYME & A COFACTOR

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APOENZYME

Back 7

PROTEIN PORTION OF A HOLOENZYME

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COFACTOR

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NON-PROTEIN PORTION OF A HOLOENZYME (METAL ION: FE,CU,MG,MN, ZN, CA, CO)

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COENZYME

Back 9

COMPLEX ORGANIC MOLECULE (NAD+, NADP+, FMN, FAD, COENZYME A)

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SPECIFICITY

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FUNCTION OF ENZYMES THAT BECAUSE OF ITS SHAPE, ALLOWS IT TO BIND ONLY TO A CERTAIN SUBSTRATE

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DENATURATION

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LOSS OF AN ENZYME'S SHAPE RESULTING IN LOSS OF FUNCTION DUE TO HEAT, PH, ETC.

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OPTIMUM pH

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THE POINT AT WHICH ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY IS MAXIMAL

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COMPETITIVE INHIBITORS

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PRODUCT THAT COMPETES WITH THE NORMAL SUBSTRATE FOR THE ACTIVE SITE OF THE ENZYME

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NONCOMPETITIVE INHIBITORS

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PRODUCT THAT ACTS SITE OTHER THAN THE ACTIVE SITE, CHANGES THE SHAPE OF THE ENZYME PREVENTING THE SUBSTRATE BINDING

Front 15

FEEDBACK INHIBITION

Back 15

THE USE OF END-PRODUCTS TO INHIBIT ENZYME ACTIVITY (NEAR THE START)

Front 16

RIBOZYMES

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ENZYMATIC RNA MOLECULES THAT CUT AND SPLICE RNA IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS

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OXIDATION

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REMOVEAL OF ELECTRONS FROM A SUBSTRATE (H+ OFTEN REMOVED WITH THE ELECTRONS)

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REDUCTION

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GAIN OF ELECTRONS BY A SUBSTRATE

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OXIDATION-REDUCTION

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EACH TIME A SUBSTANCE IS OXIDIZED ANOTHER IS REDUCED

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NAD+

NADH

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ELECTRON CARRIER - OXIDIZED FORM

ELECTRON CARRIER - REDUCED FORM

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GLUCOSE

Back 21

REDUCED MOLECULE THAT RELEASED ENERGY WHEN OXIDIZED

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PHOSPHORYLATION

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THE ADDITION OF A PHOSPHATE TO ADP MAKING IT AN ATP. (REQUIRES ENERGY)

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SUBSTRATE-LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION

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HIGH-ENERGY PHOSPHATE (FROM A CATABOLIC REACTION) IS ADDED DIRECTLY TO ADP TO FORM ATP

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OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

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ELECTRON TRANSPORT INTO O2 (OR OTHER INORGANIC) PROVIDES THE ENERGY TO MAKE ATP.

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PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

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LIGHT TRAPPED BY CHLOROPHYLL CAUSES ELECTRON TRANSFERS WHICH PROVIDES THE ENERGY FOR ATP SYNTHESIS

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METABOLIC PATHWAY

Back 26

SERIES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS (AIDED BY ENZYMES) THAT STORE AND RELEASE ENERGY IN ORGANIC MOLECULES

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CARBOHYDRATE OXIDATION

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PROVIDERS OF MOST OF A CELL'S ENERGY (GLUCOSE IS MOST COMMON)

Front 28

GLUCOSE CATABOLISM

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RESPIRATION (COMPLETELY BROKEN DOWN) AND FERMENTATION (PARTIALLY BROKEN DOWN)

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GLYCOLYSIS

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MOST COMMON PATHWAY FOR GLUCOSE OXIDATION PRODUCING PYRUVIC ACID (MAKES 2 ATP & 2 NADH PER GLUCOSE)

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PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY (HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT)

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ALTERNATIVE TO GLYCOLYSIS, METABOLIZES FIVE-CARBON SUGARS (MAKES 1 ATP & 12 NADPH PER GLUCOSE)

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ENTNER-HOUDOROFF PATHWAY

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ALTERNATIVE TO GLYCOLYSIS AND PENTOSE PHOSPHATE FOUND IN SOME G- BACTERIA (MAKES 1 ATP & 2 NADPH PER GLUCOSE)

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CELLULAR RESPIRATION

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WHEN ORGANIC MOLECULES ARE OXIDIZED AND ENERGY PRODUCED FROM THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN.

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AEROBIC RESPIRATION

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CELLULAR RESPIRATION WITH O2 AT THE END OF THE ELECTRON CHAIN

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ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

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RESPIRATION WHEN THE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR (END OF CHAIN) IS AN INORGANIC MOLECULE (NOT O2)

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KREBS CYCLE

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PART OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION - DECARBOXYLATION OF PYRUVIC ACID (MAKES 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 2 ATP 6 CO2)

Front 36

DECARBOXYLATION

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REMOVAL OF CO2 FROM AMINO ACID (PYRUVIC ACID IN RESPIRATION)

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PYRUVIC ACID

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ORGANIC ACID PRODUCED BY GLYCOLSIS

Front 38

PYRUVATE

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PYRUVIC ACID MINUS A HYDROGEN GIVING IT A NEGATIVE CHARGE

Front 39

NAD+

NADH (NAD+ & 1H+ & 2e-)

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NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE (ELECTRON CARRIERS)

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FAD

FADH2 (FAD & 2H+ & 2e-)

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FLAVIN ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE (ELECTRON CARRIER)

Front 41

ELECTRON CARRIER

Back 41

COENZYMES THAT REMOVES AND TRANSFERS HYDROGEN ION AND ELECTRONS FROM SUBSTRATE MOLECULES (NAD+ & FAD)

Front 42

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

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A SERIES OF COMPOUNDS THAT TRANSFER E- (BROUGHT FROM NADH) FROM ONE COMPOUND TO ANOTHER & GENERATE ATP

Front 43

FLAVOPROTEINS,
CYTOCHROMES &
UBIGUINONES

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CARRIER MOLECULES IN THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

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PROTON MOTIVE FORCE

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FORCE GENERATED WHEN ELECTIONS MOVE THRU THE ETC AND USED TO PUMP PROTONS ACROSS THE MEMBRANE

Front 45

ATP SYNTHASE

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PROTEIN THAT MAKES ATP FROM THE ENERGY PRODUCED AS PROTONS MOVE BACK ACROSS THE MEMBRANE

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INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE

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LOCATION OF ELECTRON CARRIERS IN EUKARYOTES

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PLASMA MEMBRANE

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LOCATION OF ELECTRON CARRIERS IN PROKARYOTES

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38 ATP

Back 48

THE AMOUNT AEROBIC PROKARYOTES CAN PRODUCE FROM ONE GLUCOSE MOLECULE

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36 ATP

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THE AMOUNT EUKARYOTES CAN PRODUCE FROM THE OXIDATION OF ONE GLUCOSE

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ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
2-38 ATP

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RESPIRATION WHEN THE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR IS NOT O2 (NO3, SO4 OR CO3 IONS) - MAKES LESS ATP

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FERMENTATION
2 ATP

Back 51

RELEASE OF ENERGY FROM ORGANIC MOLECULES (OFTEN SUGAR) BY OXIDATION WITH OUT USE OF O2 - 2 ATP PRODUCED

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LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION

Back 52

REDUCTION OF PYRUVIC ACID TO LACTIC ACID BY NADH = SPOILED FOOD (2 LACTIC ACIDS & 2 NAD)

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ALCOHOL FERMENTATION

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REDUCTIONS OF ACETALDEHYDE BY NADH TO ETHANOL (2 NAD & 2 ETHANOL)

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HETEROLACTIC FERMENTERS

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ORGANISMS THAT USE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY TO PRODUCE LACTIC ACID AND ETHANOL

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HETEROLACTIC FERMENTATION

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USE OF PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY TO PRODUCE LACTIC ACID & ETHANOL

Front 56

LIPASE

Back 56

ENZYME THAT BREAKS TRIGLYCERIDES INTO GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS

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BETA OXIDATION

Back 57

REMOVAL OF 2 CARBON UNITS FROM A FATTY ACID TO PRODUCE ACETYL-COA

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TRANSAMINATION

Back 58

TRANSFER OF AN AMINO GROUP FROM AN AMINO ACID TO ANOTHER ORGANIC ACID (ALLOWS ENTRY TO KREB CYCLE)

Front 59

DECARBOXYLATION

Back 59

REMOVAL OF CO2 FROM AN AMINO ACID (ALLOWS ENTRY TO KREB CYCLE)

Front 60

DEHYDROGENATION

Back 60

LOSS OF HYDROGEN ATOMS FROM AMINO ACID (ALLOWS ENTRY TO KREB CYCLE)

Front 61

ANOXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Back 61

CO2 + 2H2S + LIGHT ---> CH2O +2S + H20

Front 62

OXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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6 CO2 + 12 H2O + LIGHT ---> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

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GLYCOLYSIS FORMULA

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GLUCOSE + 2 ATP + 4 ADP + 4Pi + 2 NAD+ ---> 2 PYRUVIC ACID + 4 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H20

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KREB CYCLE FORMULA

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2 ACETYL COA + 6 NAD + H2O +2 FAD + 3 ADP + 2 Pi ---> 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2ATP + 4 CO2 + 6H+

Front 65

ETC FORMULA

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6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + H20 + ---> 6NAD+ +2 FAD + CO2 + 34 ATP

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COMPLETE AEROBIC RESPIRATION FORMULA

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C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 38ADP + 38Pi --->6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP

Front 67

SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS - ALGAE, PLANTS

Back 67

THLAKOIDS OF CHLOROPLAST

Front 68

SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS - CYANOBACTERIA

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PHOTOSYNTHETIC STRUCTURES

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PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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CONVERSION OF LIGHT ENERGY TO CHEMICAL ENERGY

Front 70

CARBON FIXATION

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COVERSION OF CO2 TO SUGARS BY PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Front 71

ELECTRON DONOR FOR OXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Back 71

WATER

Front 72

LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTION (PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION)

Back 72

ATP PRODUCTING PART OF PHOTOSYNTHSIS

Front 73

PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

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USING LIGHT TO PHOSPHORYLATE ADP TO ATP

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CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

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ELECTONS RETURN TO CHLOROPHYLL

Front 75

CHLOROPHYLL

Back 75

LIGHT ABORBING, FOUND IN THYLAKOIDS OF CHOLORPLASTS

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THYLAKOIDS

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MEMBRANE OF CHLORPLAST, CONTAINS CHLOROPHYLL

Front 77

CHLOROPLAST

Back 77

ORGANELLE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Front 78

PROTON MOTIVE FORCE

Back 78

PUMPING OF PROTON ACROSS A MEMBRANE

Front 79

ENERGY FOR PROTON MOTIVE FORCE

Back 79

MOVEMENT OF ELECTRONS DOWN A CHAIN

Front 80

NON-CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

Back 80

PHOTOSYTHESIS PATHWAY WHERE E- ARE LOST TO H20 OR H2S

Front 81

ELECTRON DONOR FOR ANOXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Back 81

H2 OR H2S

Front 82

CHEMIOSMOSIS

Back 82

USE OF PROTON GRADIENT TO MAKE ATP

Front 83

LIGHT-INDEPENDENT (DARK REACTIONS)

Back 83

USE OF ATP & E- TO REDUCE CO2 TO SUGAR

Front 84

CALVIN-BENSON CYCLE

Back 84

ANOTHER NAME FOR LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTIONS

Front 85

METABOLIC PATHWAYS OF ENERGY USE

Back 85

BIOSYNTHESIS OF POLYSACCHARIDES, LIPIDS, AMINO ACIDS & NUCLEOTIDES

Front 86

HOW MUCH ENERGY IS LOST TO HEAT

Back 86

45%

Front 87

WHAT IS ATP ENERGY IS USED FOR?

Back 87

ACTIVE TRANSPORT, MOVEMENT, ANABOLISM

Front 88

POLYSACCHARIDE BIOSYNTHESIS

Back 88

USE OF ATP TO MAKE GLYCOGEN BY LINKING GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE

Front 89

LIPID BIOSYNTHESIS

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GLYCEROL FROM GLUCOSE + FATTY ACIDS FROM ACETYL COA

Front 90

AMINO ACID AND PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS

Back 90

ASSEMBLED FROM INTERMEDIATES OF THE KREB CYCLE

Front 91

PURINE & PYRIMIDINE BIOSYNTHESIS

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SUGARS + CARBON & NITROGEN FROM PHOSPHATE PATHWAY OR ENTENER-DOUDOROFF

Front 92

AMPHIBOLIC PATHWAYS

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BOTH CATABOLIC & ANABOLIC REACHINGS

Front 93

INTEGRATION OF METABOLIS

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WEB OF ANABOLIC & CATABOLIC JOINED BOY COMMON INTERMEDIATES

Front 94

The energy for chemical reactions is stored where?

Back 94

ATP