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155 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two methods to kill/control bacteria?
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Physical methods and chemical methods
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Name some of the physical methods to killing/controlling bacteria
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temperature
pH osmotic effects (water availability) radiation filtration |
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Name some of the chemical methods to killing/controlling bacteria
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Antiseptics
disinfectants sterilants chemotherapeutics |
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what are antiseptics
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kill/control bacteria by chemicals that are antimicrobial topical application liscensed by the FDA
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what are disinfectants
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kill/control bacteria by chemical on non-living things. can't put on your body
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what are sterilants
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kill/control bacteria by chemical...an alternative to an autoclave, it kills everything
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what are chemotherapeutics
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control or kill bacteria by ingesting a substance
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what is a minimal cardinal temperature
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anything less than this temp is when lipids become solid. the membrane gels
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what is the optimum cardinal temperature
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enzymes and reactions occurring at max possible rate
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what is the maximum cardinal temp
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anything more will denature proteins
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what is it called when you heat something up to a temperature to kill microorganisms?
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pasteurization
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what is a psychrophile or crytophile?
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capable of growth in cold temperatures (cold loving)
0-20 C |
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what is a thermophile
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capable of growth in hot temperatures (heat loving)
40-70C |
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what is a mesophile?
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organism that grows best in moderate temperature
10-45 C |
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what is a hyperthermophile
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organism that grows in extrememly hot temperatures
65-115 C |
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what is an organism called if it grows in cold temperatures?
0-20 C |
psychrophile or crytophile
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what is an organism called if it grows in moderate temps
10-45C |
mesophile
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what is an organism called if it grows in hot temps
40-70C |
thermophile
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what is an organism called if it grows in extremely hot temps
65-115C |
hyperthermophile
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what is an acidophile?
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organism that grows in low pH
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what is the name or an organism that grows in low pH
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acidophile
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what is a akaliphile?
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organism that grows in high pH
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what is the name of an organism that grows in high pH
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akaliphile
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what is a halophile?
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an organism that requires salt (NaCl) for growth
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what is halotolerant
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an organism that is capable of growing in the presence of NaCl, but doesn't require it
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what is a nonhalophile?
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an organism that can't grow in the presence of salt (NaCl)
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what is an osmophile
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organism able to live in environments high in sugar
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what is an xerophile
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organism able to live in environments that are very dry
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what is an organism that is capable of growing in the presence of NaCl, but doesn't require it
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halotolerant organism
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what is an organism that can't grow in the presence of salt (NaCl)
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nonhalophile
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what is an organism that requires salt (NaCl) for growth
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halophile
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what is an organism that grows in likable concentrations
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osmophile
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what is an organism that grows in very dry environments
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xerophile
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what is decimal reduction time
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amount of time required to kill 90% (or 1 log) of organisms. Organisms at 10% survival fraction on log scale
this is important in pasteurization 100%->10%->1%->0.1% |
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the amount of time required to kill 1 log of organisms
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decimal reduction time
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what does pasteurization do?
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kill pathogens and reduce spoilage organisms
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In the autoclave, what kills, temperature or pressure?
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temperature
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what are resistant to uv radiation
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endospores and cysts
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the effects of radiation are dependent on these things
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strength of source (uv/xray)
distance from source time of exposure |
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what is the decimal reduction dose?
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Amount of radioactivity required to kill 1 log of organisms.
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the amount of radioactivity required to kill 1 log of organisms is called
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the decimal reduction dose
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what type of radiation if more powerful than UV light
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ionizing radiation or gamma radiation
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what are the 3 types of filters
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depth filter
membrane filter nucleopore filter |
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what does MIC stand for
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minimum inhibitory concentration
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a clearing on an agar plate of a disc diffusion is called this
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zone of inhibition
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what does bacteriostatic mean
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inhibits further growth (ex refrigerator.. organisms aren't dead just don't grow more)
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what does bacteriocideal mean?
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it kills cells when you add a chemical
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what does bacteriolytic mean
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chemical kills by lysing cells
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the main way we treat water is with this chemical
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chlorine
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what is the chemical that makes chlorine chlorine?
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sodium hypochlorite
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what are antibiotics
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naturally occurring chemotherapeutic agents
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At the optimal cardinal temperature this happens
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Enzymes and reactions occur and increasingly rapid rates
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What did Louis Pasteur do
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Pasteurization to reduce spoilage of food (wines)
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What is an osmophile
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Something that likes a certain concentration
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What are osmotic affects?
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Water availability (beef jerky and syrup)
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Does removing oxygen effectively kill bacteria?
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No
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What is decimal reduction time?
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The amount of time required to kill 90 percent of organisms at any given temperature. Very important for pasteurization.
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Does pressure or temperature kill organisms in the autoclave?
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Temperature
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What does UV radiation cause?
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Pyrimidine dimmers
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What type of organisms are resistant to UV light?
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Endospores or cysts.
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What is definition of decimal reduction dose?
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The amount of radioactivity required to kill 90 percent of organisms.
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What is the decimal reduction dose dependent on?
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Strength, time, and distance
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What are some examples that we use decimal reduction dose on?
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Bandaids, petri dishes, and food to sterilize them.
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What is gamma radiation?
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Chops up DNA and breaks phosphodiester bonds.
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What is ionizing radiation?
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More powerful than UV light.
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What are the three filter types?
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Depth(Relies on depth for filtering microbes, I.E. earth), membrane filter(like a sponge, fabric weaved) nucleopore filter(holes burned with electricity for a certain diameter.)
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What is MIC?
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Minimum inhibitory concentration(after which bacteria is able to grow because concentration too low to kill it)
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What is disc diffusion?
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Discs placed on dish, look for clearing.
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What is bacteriostatic?
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Inhibits growth of organism(refrigeration)
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What is bacteriocidal?
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Add chemical cells die.
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The main way we treat water is by adding?
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Chlorine
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What are chemotherapeutic agents?
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Chemicals used internally.( synthetic or antibiotics)
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What are most synthetic chemotherapeutic agents?
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Growth factor analogs or quinilones.
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What does a quinilone do?
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Interfers with topoisomerase activity.
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What do cilli- antibiotics do?
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Blocks cell wall synthesis and cross linking of peptidoglycan.
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What does streptomyicin do?
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Blocks translation, or blocks protein synthesis
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What is rifampin?
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Used in treatment of turberculosis, eats waxy cell wall, blocks transcription.
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What is nalidixic acid?
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It is a quinilone so blocks topoisomerase activity
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What are antivirals?
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Block DNA replication and reverse transcriptase
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What is an interferon?
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We make it, natural compound, produced by virus infected cells
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What are antifungals?
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Some block chitin synthesis, some disrupt membrane function by affecting ergosterol versus cholesterol (fungus is eukaryotic so difficult to treat)
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What are four mechanisms of antibiotic resistance?
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Exclusion( don’t let it in), modification or degradation of drug (amphicilin resistance), E flux(pushing it out as quickly as it is coming in), modify target site(rifamprin)
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What is innate?
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something we're born with
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What is acquired?
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something we aren't born with, example is vaccination
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what is a pathogen?
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a disease causing microbe
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what are the effects of toxicity
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local or systematic can lead to tissue damage and disease
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what is invasiveness
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further growth at original and distal sites
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what are 2 examples of acquired immunity
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cellular and humoral
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what are examples of innate immunity?
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phagocytosis, inflammation and fever, physical and chemical barriers
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what is the human skin composed of
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high NaCl
low pH dead tissue |
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what causes cavities
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streptococcus mutans, they secrete acids
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what is another word for plaque
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calculus
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are there any microbes in the alveoli?
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no because of phagocytosis
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what organisms are located in the GI tract?
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anaerobic
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what is lysosime
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in tears and saliva and it breaks ppg (gram + orgs)
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why is pH an important barrier?
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most organisms can't withstand pH change
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what is the pH of urine
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neutral, it is isoosmotic and sterile
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what is inflammation
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non specific reaction to foreign particles (toxins or pathogens)
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what are the hallmarks of inflammation
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redness
swelling pain heat |
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what is inflammation mediated by
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cytokines release by leukocytes (WBC's)
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why do white blood cells release cytokines
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telling body that more wbc's need to accumulate
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what occurs when alot of white blood cells accumulate
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the production of a fibrin clot which walls off infectious organisms or clot blood
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what is fever
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abnormal increase in body temp
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what causes fever
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a release of pyrogens an endotoxin of gram neg bacteria
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what is a pyrogen
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endotoxin.
lipid A found in gram neg orgs |
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why are white blood cells able to crawl out of blood vessels
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blood vessels are leaky and so they can enter site of damage
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what does the lymph system do
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filters blood
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where do all cells originate from
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bone marrow
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what is a macrophage
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largest white blood cell that is in spleen and lymph tissues. they present antigens to other parts of the immune system
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where are monocytes located
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circulate in blood in lymph
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what do monocytes do
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replenish macrophages
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what is the definition of an antibody
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a serum protein made in response to an antigen. it is specific for that antigen
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what is the definition of an antigen
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something the body recognizes as foreign. antibodies are formed by the presence of them.
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what is the spot called where antigens bind to antibodies
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epitope
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what is an epitope
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spot where antigen binds to antibody
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what is another name for an antibody
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immunoglobulin
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what is adaptative immunity
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specific
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what is adaptative immunity memory
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multiple exposures to a specific molecule strengthen the immune response because the initial exposure created antibodies
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what is adaptative immunity self tolerance
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body attacks its own cells
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what are T cells programmed for
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a specific antigen
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where do T cells go to mature
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thymus
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what are B cells
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part of the plasma and memory cells
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where do B cells go to mature
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bone marrow
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what cells make up acquired immunity
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T cells and B cells
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what are 2 T cell subsets
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T helper cells
Cytotoxic T cells |
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what are T helper cells
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help transmit info about an antigen to antibodies
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what is a cytotoxic T cell
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protects you from infections by killing your infected cells
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Name the 5 classes of antibodies (immunoglobulin)
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IgG
IgM IgA IgE IgD |
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IgG cells are found where and contain these 2 chains
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most common antibody found in antiserum
polypeptide light and heavy (can cross the placenta) |
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what region of the antibody do antigens bind to in IgG cells
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variable
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describe IgM
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pentomers
massive can bind antigens first antibodies produced found in serum |
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why are IgM antibodies called pentomers
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they have 5 identical Y shaped units
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describe IgA
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not found in the serum
secreted (found in saliva, mucus, breast milk...etc) |
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Describe IgE
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single, specifically deals with pollen, dander, mold spores.
protects from parasites |
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what reaction is associated with IgE
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allergies caused by IgE binding and breaking open granules to release histamines
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what are the steps in antibody production
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1. phagocytosis by macrophage or antigen producting cells
2. phagolysozomal fusion (bacteria gets eaten and chewed up, then presents pieces of chewed bacteria to a B cell. T helper helps communicate info to the B cell, and the B cell goes through rapid differentiation into plasma cell which pumps out antibodies specific to antibody memory cell) 3. |
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what does a memory cell turn into when re-exposed to an antigen
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plasma cell
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what is APC
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antigen producing cell
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describe IgD
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not known what it does in the body
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what are the 4 types of immunity
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Natural Active Immunity
Artificial Active Immunity Artificial Passive Immunity Artificial Active Immunity |
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what does Natural in immunity mean
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produced within the body
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what does artificial immunity mean?
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something not produced in the body (get via vaccination)
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what is active mean in immunity
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if body made it on its own
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what is passive mean in immunity
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if body got it from somewhere else
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what is Natural Active Immunity
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body makes antibody, example chicken pox
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what is Artificial Active Imunity
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got antigen artificially, body made a memory of it. a vaccine
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what is Artifical Passive Immunity
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we don't make antibodies, injected artifically
ex: snake bite |
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what is Natural Passive Immunity
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get from mother via breast feeding
(IgA is in breast milk) |
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what is colostrum
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discharge of breast right before milk
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what are the steps associated with a virus
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exposure
adherence invasion colonization |
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what are examples of adherence factors
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glycocalyx, capsule, slime, adherence proteins, lipoteichoic acid (acidic sugars that stick out of cell), fimbrae/pili
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what are examples of invasive virulence factors
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hyaluronidase breaks down the cement that glues out cells together
streptokinase allows escape from fibrin clots coagulase causes formation of clot that hides pathogen from immune cells collagenase dissolves collagen |
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what are the 2 classes of toxic virulence factors
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exotoxins (secreted)
endotoxins (lipid A of Gram Neg Bacteria) |
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what are characteristics of exotoxins
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have specific effects
highly toxic good antigens generally heat labile don't cause fever |
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what are characteristics of endotoxins
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have general effects
weakly toxic heat stable poor antigens cause fever |
