Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is biotechnology?
|
is the use of microorganisms, cells or cell components to make a product
|
|
|
NAME
is the use of mircoorganisms , cells or cell compants to make a product |
biotechnology
|
|
|
What are recombinant DNA technology?
|
are techniques used to deliberately remove genetic material from one organism and combine it w gentic material of a different organism
|
|
|
NAME
are techniques used to diliberertaley remove genetic material from one orgaganism and combine it with genteic material of the different organism |
recombinant DNA technology
|
|
|
What is genetic engineering do?
|
inserts genes into cells
|
|
|
NAME
inserts genes into the cells |
genetic engineering
|
|
|
Give a overview of the process of genetic engineering? (5)
|
(1)isolate the desired gene (2)insert the gene into the vector (3)transfer the vector to a bacterial cell (4) clones form through binary fission (5) the harvest the genes (genotype) or isolate the gene product (phenotype)
|
|
|
NAME
process includes (1)isolating the desired genes (2)insert the genes into the vector (3) transfer the vector to the bacterial cell (4) the vector grows forming clones through binary fission (5)then harvest the gene (genotype) or isolate a gene product (phenotype) |
Genetic engineering
|
|
|
What are stone-washed jeans? (how/the microbe does to make stonewashed jeans)
|
are cellulases prodcued by a fungus are used to digest some of the cellulose in cotton to make a softer denium
|
|
|
NAME
are cellulases produced by a fungus are used to digest some of the cellulose in cotton making a softer denium |
Stone Washed
|
|
|
Bacteria can produce both (1) and (2).
|
(1)cotton (2)polyester
|
|
|
What is the old way polyester used to be made?
|
from protroelum producing toxix waste
|
|
|
NAME
used to be made from proteleum, but isnt no longer bc it procuces lots of toxic waster |
polyester
|
|
|
How is polyester made today? (the environmentally friendly kind)
|
from genetically modified bacterium that can be grown on agricultural waste which is biodegradable
|
|
|
NAME
cane be made from genetically modified bacterium that can be grown on aricultural waste which is biodegradable |
polyester
|
|
|
(1) production prodcues wastes that explodes in contact w air
|
Indigo
|
|
|
Indigo production produces wastest that (1)
|
explodes in contact with air
|
|
|
What have two gene companies done to make ensure that indigo is produced safely with out explosion?(2)
|
by using microgoranisms (1) one of which is genectically-altered blue strain of E coli and (2)the other was a muatated fungus
|
|
|
Over (1) can make plastic
|
over 25 types of bacteria
|
|
|
What is alernative biodradable way to prodcue plastic other then from petroleum?
|
by being made from over 25 different types of bacteria
|
|
|
NAME
can be made from 25 differenty types of bacteria instead of perroleum |
Plastic
|
|
|
NAME
the source of DNA |
the genome
|
|
|
The genome is the source of (1)
|
DNA
|
|
|
Where is DNA found in prok?
|
nucleiod
|
|
|
NAME TYPE OF CELL
DNA is found in the nucleiod |
prok
|
|
|
NAME TYPE OF CELL
DNA is found in the nucleus |
Euk
|
|
|
Where is the DNA found in euk?
|
nucleus
|
|
|
NAME TYPE OF Organism
DNA is found in the plasmids (2) |
bacteria and fungi
|
|
|
Where is DNA found in bacteria and fungi?
|
the plasmids
|
|
|
How do we get DNA out of the cell?
|
by breaking open the cell and cuting up the DNA
|
|
|
T or F
DNA synthesis machines can make 120+ nucleotides sequences |
True
|
|
|
(1) can make 120+ nucleotides sequences
|
DNA synthesis machines
|
|
|
What are gene libraries?
|
are fragments of DNA that are stored in plasmids or phages
|
|
|
NAME
are fragments of DNA that are stored in plasmids or phages |
gene libraries
|
|
|
T or F
cDNA is not free of introns |
False
|
|
|
What does cDNA stand for?
|
complementary DNA
|
|
|
How cna cDNA be made?
|
from mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA using reverse transciptase in retroviruses
|
|
|
NAME
can form from mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA using reverse trnasciptase in retroviruses |
cDNA
|
|
|
reverse transcriptase ocurs in (1)
|
retroviruses
|
|
|
What is reverse transciptase?
|
conversion of RNA into DNA in retroviruses
|
|
|
NAME
is the conversion of RNA into DNA in retro viruses |
reverse transciptase
|
|
|
Can more gene libraries be made if needed?
|
yes
|
|
|
What does PCR stand for?
|
polymerase chain reaction
|
|
|
What is PCR?
|
a method for creating a large number of DNA or RNA copies
|
|
|
NAME
is a method for creating a large number of DNA or RNA copies |
PCR
|
|
|
NAME
rapidly increases the amount of DNA or RNA in sample |
PCR
|
|
|
the thermal cycle is also refered to as the (1)
|
PCR machine
|
|
|
The PCR machine is also called the (1)
|
the thermal cycle
|
|
|
NAME
the thermal cycle regulates cyclic temp changes |
the thermal cycle
|
|
|
The thermal cycle regulates (1)
|
the cyclic temp changes
|
|
|
What are some techinques used in Genetic engineering? (4)
|
(1)DNA fingerprinting (2)Southern Blot (3)inserting foreign DNA into cells (4) Selecting a clone and making an end product
|
|
|
(DNA fingerprinting) How are the DNA fragments separted?
|
electrophoresis
|
|
|
During DNA fingerprinting, (1) separtes DNA fragments
|
electrophoresis
|
|
|
What is electrophoresis?
|
separates DNA fragements during DNA fingerprinting process
|
|
|
During DNA finferprinting process, samples are subject to (1)
|
electric currents
|
|
|
During DNA fingerprinting, when the sample are subject to electric current, what happens to the DNA?
|
bc it is negativly charged, DNA migrates towards the postive pole
|
|
|
What happens in the final step of DNA fingerprinting?
|
RFLP's separated by electrophoresis are compared to a pattern
|
|
|
NAME
RFLP"S are separated by electrophoresis are compared to a pattern ("ladder") |
DNA fingerprinting
|
|
|
NAME some of the steps during DNA fingerprinting (3)?
|
(1)DNA fragments produced by restriction enzymes are separated by electrophoresis (2)Samples are subject to electic currents (3) RFLP's separated by electrophoresis are compared to a pattern ("ladder")
|
|
|
What is southern Blot?
|
is a hybridization technique used to sequence DNA
|
|
|
NAME
is a hybridization technique used to sequence DNA |
Southern Blot
|
|
|
A DNA fingerprint is made through the use of (1)
|
electrophoresis
|
|
|
A (1) is made through the use of electrophoresis
|
DNA fingerprinting
|
|
|
RFLPS are transferred to a (1) by (2)
|
(1)speacil filter (2) blotting
|
|
|
(1) are transferred to a speacil filter by blotting
|
RFLPS
|
|
|
during Southern blotting, DNA fragments are (1) whereve it (2).
|
(1)incubated w/a radioactivaely labeled DNA probe (2)hydbridzes it will bind
|
|
|
During (1), DNA fragment are incubated w/a radioactively labeled DNA probe (wherever it hybridizes it will bind)
|
Southern Blotting
|
|
|
During southern blotting,
DNA fragments are deveolped w (1) and observed for a band to id (2) |
(1)X-ray film (2) RFLP
|
|
|
What are five ways to insert foregign DNA into cells?
|
(1)transformation (2) Electroporation (3) Protoplast fusion (4) gene guns (5) Microinjection
|
|
|
What is transformation?
|
is the inducing of cells to make foriegn DNA in same cases by making them competant able to absorb DNA
|
|
|
NAME
is the inducing of cells to make foriegn DNA in some cases by making them competant able to absorb DNA |
transformation
|
|
|
(1) was used in the cloning of the lamb Dolly
|
Electroporation
|
|
|
Electroporation was used in the (1)
|
cloning of the lamb Dolly
|
|
|
What is electroporation?
|
brief electrical pulse used to produce temporary pores in the cell membrane
|
|
|
NAME
is the brief use of electrical pulses to produce temporary pores in the cell membrane |
electroporation
|
|
|
How is protoplast fusion used to insert forgien DNA into cells?
|
cell wall if present is removed w enzymes and the protoplasts are induced to fuse using polythylene glycol
|
|
|
NAME
insertation of the DNA into the cells is made possible when cell wall if present is removed w enzymes and the protoplasts are induced to fuse using phothylene glycol |
protoplast fusion
|
|
|
How are gene guns used to insert forgien DNA into Cells?
|
small shotguns shoot genes through cell walls of plants with mintue tungsten or gold bullets
|
|
|
NAME
small shotguns shoot genes through cell walls of plants with minute tungsten or gold bullets so that forgien DNA can be inserted into cells |
gene guns
|
|
|
How is mircoinjection used to inert forgien DNA into the cell?
|
a micropipette is used to puncture the cell membrane and inject DNA into the cell
|
|
|
NAME
a micropipette is used to puncture the cell membrane and inject forgien DNA into the cell |
microinjection
|
|
|
What are the six steps known for selecting a clone and making a end product?
|
(1)isolate the desired gene and plasmid (2)cut both w the same restriction enzyme (3)the sticky ends will join by Hydrogen bonding through base pairing (4) Liagase is used to seal the ends rejoining the sugar-phosphate backbone (5) the plasmid is absorbed by the cell through transformation (6)transformed cells are selected on a medium containing ampicillin
|
|
|
NAME
is used to seal the ends rejoining the sugar-phosphate backbone |
ligase
|
|
|
During the process for selecting a clone and making the end product, how do the sticky ends join together?
|
by hydrogen bonding through base pairing
|
|
|
What are some theraepytic applications for genetic engineering? (4)
|
(1)horomones (2)immune treatments (3)subunit vaccinces such as Hepatitis B and HIV (4)gene therapy
|
|
|
NAME
was orginally from animals and some people had allergic reactions |
insulin
|
|
|
Where was insulin origanlly from?
|
animals
|
|
|
NAME
orginal source was from human cadavers |
growth hormones
|
|
|
Where did we orginally get growth horomones from?
|
human cadavers
|
|
|
Where did we get the horomone somatostatin from?
|
500,000 sheep brains
|
|
|
NAME
is a horomone in which comes from 500,000 sheep brains |
Somatostain
|
|
|
What is genome sequencing ?
|
is determining the order of nucleotides in DNA
|
|
|
NAME
is determining the order of nucleotides in DNA |
genome sequencing
|
|
|
What is random shot gun sequencing?
|
when small pieces of a genome are sequenced and then all those sequences are assembled using a computer
|
|
|
NAME
is when smallpieces of a genome are sequenced and then all those sequences are assembled using a computer |
random shot gun sequencing
|
|
|
What is bioinformatics?
|
is understanding the gene function through computer assistance called GeneBank
|
|
|
NAME
is understanding the gene function through computer assistance called GeneBank |
bioinformatics
|
|
|
What is proteomics?
|
is determining all the protiens expressed in a cell
|
|
|
NAME
is determining all the protiends expressed in a cell |
proteomics
|
|
|
What are two issues (Ethical) involving genetic enginnering?
|
(1)food safety (2)cloning such as Molly and DOlly
|
|
|
Describe; how Dolly was clonged? (4)
|
(1)cells were taken from a Finn Doreset and placed in a culture w very little nutirents (starving the cells which stopped cell division) (2)an unfertilized egg from a Scottish Blackfare ewe /only made up of cytoplasm (no nucleus) (3)the udder cell w/ inactive genes and the modifed egg were placed next to each other and give 2 ectric pulses to fuse the eggs and start cell division (4)the embyro was planted into the utereus and th mother gave birth to Dolly
|
|
|
(1) gave birth to DOlly alamb gentically indentical to the orginal donor-the (2)
|
(1)Blackface ewe (2)Finn Dorset
|
|
|
the blackface ewe gave birth to (1), a lamb gentically indentical to the orginal donor the finn dorset
|
Dolly
|
|
|
When they created Dolly, what two types of cells were used?
|
(1)one that had been starved to stop cell division (low nutrients)~aka a udder cell w inactive genes (2)a unfertilzed egg that had the nucleus removed leaving only the cytoplasm
|
|
|
When they created Dolly, the udder cell with the inactive genes, the udder cell with inactive genes and the modifed egg w no nucleus were placed next each other and given a (1)
|
(1)electrical pulse twice
|
|
|
When they created Dolly,(1) and (2) were placed next each other and given a given a electrical pulse twice
|
(!)the udder cell with inactive genes (2)the modifed egg w no nucleus
|
|
|
When the created Dolly, what was the point of using the electrcal pulse the first time on the udder cell with inactive genes and the modifed egg w no nucleus? and the secound time?
|
(1)fuse the both the cell and the nucleus (2) start cell division
|
|
|
NAME
visible experession of genes |
phenotype
|
|
|
NAME
large base sequeuence moves gentic material btwn bacterial chromosomes |
transposons
|
|
|
NAME
enzyme that does the unzipping of DNA |
helicase
|
|
|
NAME
enzyme that seals or binding of covalent sugar and phosphate bonds in DNA backbone |
ligase
|
|
|
NAME
information encoded in RNA used to synethsize specfic protiens |
translation
|
|
|
NAME
one conserved strain and one new strain |
semi-conservative
|
|
|
NAME
In Euk gene, the regions where DNA is expressed |
exon
|
|
|
NAME
langauge of mRNA in the form of (1) |
codon
|
|
|
NAME
transfer of a naked DNA fragment |
transformation
|
|
|
NAME
enzyme that cuts the sugar phosphate bone |
restriction endonuclease
|
|
|
NAME
gentic info in DNA copied into complementary base sequence of RNA |
transcription
|
|
|
What are the three main took kits for gentic engeriering?
|
(1)restriction enzymes (2)ligase (3)reverse transcrptase
|
|
|
What are restriction enzymes?
|
are enzymes that recoginize and cleave (cut) DNA at site of palindromic sequence
|
|
|
NAME
are enzymes taht recoginze and cleave (cut) DNA at site of palindromic sequences |
restriction enzymes
|
|
|
T or F
restriction enzymes can read forward or backward |
True
|
|
|
Restriction enzymes cutting patterns can produce staggered tails called (1)
|
sticky ends that are joinged by H bonding
|
|
|
What does synthetic mean?
|
artifical
|
|
|
Why is the PCr machine called the thermal cycler?
|
bc it works at 94 C
|
|
|
What are the three cycles of the PCR machine?
|
(1)melt (2)anneal (3) Extend
|
|
|
For PCR, enzymes need to be (1)
|
thermal resistant
|
|
|
The PCR machine will only (1)
|
reprodcue fragments of DNA
|
|
|
How many cycles does it take for the PCR machine to work?
|
30
|
|
|
What are the benfits of the PCR machine?
|
sesntivity
|
|
|
T or F
DNA fingerprinting can be used to idtenfy gentic diseases |
true
|
|
|
What are function of the PCR machine? (5)
|
(1)clone DNA for recombination (2)amplify DNA to decetable values (3)sequence DNA (4)diagnose gentice disease (5)Direct pathogens
|
|
|
Give some ex(s) of end products (4)
|
(1)E coli (2)yeast (3) mammalian cell (4) plant cells
|
|
|
What is insulin's function?
|
functions in the break down of energy
|
|
|
NAME
functions in the break down of energy |
insulin
|
|
|
What is the function of interferon?
|
helps with the immune system
|
|
|
NAME
helps with the immune system |
inferferons
|
|
|
What are subunit vaccines?
|
made up of protens
|
|
|
NAME
are vaccines made up of protiens |
subunit vaccines
|
|
|
(1) may be the 1st vaccine to fight against HIV
|
subunit vaccanines
|
|
|
Subunit vaccacines may help fight against (1) and (2)
|
(1)Hepatitis B (2)possibly HIV
|
|
|
What are some Safety Issues and Ethics of gentic enginereering? (3)
|
(1)avoid accidental release (2)Gentically modified crops must be safe for consumption and for their environment (3)who will have acess to an individuals gentic info
|
|
|
Bioengeering in plants is made possbile through (1)
|
Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens
|
|
|
(1) can turn off the expression of a target gene such as tamtato ripening
|
Anti-sense DNA technology
|
|
|
Anti-Sense refers to the (1)
|
negative DNA
|
|
|
Anti-sense DNA technology can (1)
|
can turn off a target gene such as tomtato ripening
|
|
|
What are transgenic animals?
|
animals altered to produce medically useful product in milk
|
|
|
NAME
are animsal altered to produce medically uself products in milk |
transgenic animals
|
