Micro 143 Quiz 1

Front 1

symbiosis

Back 1

-a relationship in which two organisms live together

Front 2

commensalism

Back 2

-type of symbiosis

-one organism benefits and the other remains unharmed

Front 3

parasitism

Back 3

-type of symbiosis

-one organism benefits (parasite) and other is harmed (host)

Front 4

mutualism

Back 4

-type of symbiosis

-both organisms benefit

Front 5

neutralism

Back 5

-type of symbiosis

-neither organism benefits

Front 6

colonization

Back 6

-condition in which presence, growth, and multiplication of microorganism on or in host have no clinical effect and no detectable immune response

Front 7

infection

Back 7

-condition in which presence, growth, and multiplication of microorganism on or in the host elicit some form of response, either clinical or immunological

Front 8

sub-clinical infection

Back 8

-immune response developed without overt signs or symptoms

Front 9

normal flora

Back 9

-organisms that normally populate a body site without causing disease

-generally commensalistic or mutualistic relationships

-remain for life but change in response to internal environmental alterations

Front 10

disease

Back 10

-disorder recognizable by a specific set of signs and symptoms

Front 11

virulence

Back 11

-power of an organism to cause disease

-depends on toxigenicity and dose

Front 12

invasiveness

Back 12

-ability to penetrate and overcome host defenses

Front 13

toxigenicity

Back 13

-ability to produce toxins

Front 14

dose

Back 14

-number of organisms required to start the disease process

Front 15

pathogenicity

Back 15

-organism's ability to cause disease

Front 16

obligate pathogens

Back 16

-pathogens that will always cause disease (usually parasites)

Front 17

non-pathogens

Back 17

-organisms that under normal conditions will not cause disease

Front 18

opportunistic pathogens

Back 18

-organisms that may be normal flora under usual circumstances but may become pathogens if conditions change

Front 19

immunosuppression

Back 19

-specific administration of a drug therapy or disease state that interferes with immune mechanism, either humoral or cellular

Front 20

immunocompromised

Back 20

-person born with immune system defect, either humoral or cellular

Front 21

endogenous infections

Back 21

-infections caused by organisms from within patient's own normal flora

Front 22

exogenous infections

Back 22

-infections caused by organisms from external sources

Front 23

nosocomial infections

Back 23

-infections acquired during hospital stay

Front 24

community-acquired infections

Back 24

-infections that spread naturally through the community external to the hospital

Front 25

communicable diseases

Back 25

-diseases capable of being transmitted from one host to another

Front 26

contagious

Back 26

-diseases that spread with considerable ease

Front 27

non-communicable diseases

Back 27

-diseases acquired directly from the environment and cannot be transferred easily from one host to another (eg. tetanus)

Front 28

endemic diseases

Back 28

-diseases indigenous within a given geographic area

Front 29

epidemic

Back 29

-explosive outbreak within a population

Front 30

pandemic

Back 30

-worldwide outbreak of a disease

Front 31

acute diseases

Back 31

-diseases that develop rapidly, present with severe symptoms, climax and fade quickly

Front 32

chronic diseases

Back 32

-diseases that develop slowly, symptoms develop slowly and are sometimes vague, rarely reach climax and take months for convalescence, sometimes never really fading away

Front 33

primary disease

Back 33

-disease that occurs in a previously healthy body

Front 34

secondary disease

Back 34

-disease that develops in an already diseased body

Front 35

systemic infection

Back 35

-infection that has spread throughout body to many or all organs

Front 36

local infection

Back 36

-infection restricted to a single area of the body

Front 37

direct transmission

Back 37

-when a disease travels from person to person

Front 38

vectors

Back 38

-animate objects that transmit disease

Front 39

fomites

Back 39

-inanimate objects that transmit disease

Front 40

congenital

Back 40

-transfer of disease directly to fetus in-utero or as child passes through birth canal

Front 41

air-borne transmission

Back 41

-indirect mode of transmission that occurs when disease-causing organisms are inhaled

Front 42

direct contact

Back 42

-if disease is transmitted to new host through contact with infected individual or source

Front 43

indirect contact

Back 43

-occurs if source of infection is food, water, or fomites or if disease is transmitted to new host via living organisms (eg. ticks or fleas)

Front 44

zoonoses

Back 44

-human diseases caused by organisms that are primarily animal pathogens and accidentally are transmitted to humans

Front 45

reservoir

Back 45

-the source of a disease, necessary for disease to perpetuate itself

Front 46

carrier

Back 46

-special type of reservoir in which a person who has recovered from the disease continues to spread infectious organisms

Front 47

clinical disease

Back 47

-when conditions occur to an extent that the patient exhibits clinical-symptoms

Front 48

subclinical disease

Back 48

-when few or no obvious symptoms occur

Front 49

What are the 5 stages of the disease process?

Back 49

-period of incubation

-prodromal period

-acme period

-period of decline

-convalescence

Front 50

period of incubation

Back 50

-time between entry of organism into host and the appearance of symptoms

Front 51

prodromal period

Back 51

-period during which the non-specific symptoms of the disease are displayed by the patient

-great competition between host and invading organism

Front 52

acme period

Back 52

-display of specific symptoms of the disease

Front 53

period of decline

Back 53

-period directly before recovery, considered to be a crisis time, during which excessive amounts of heat are released by sweating

Front 54

convalescence

Back 54

-when body systems return to their normal state

Front 55

What factors are important to the length of the incubation period?

Back 55

-infecting dose

-organism's generation time

-organism's invasiveness and its toxicity

-portal of entry

-level of resistance in host

Front 56

List some of the body's non-specific body defenses?

Back 56

-skin

-mucous membranes

-stomach acidity

-vaginal acidity

-bile

-duodenal enzymes

-lysozyme

-interferons

-phagocytes, alveolar macrophages, Kupfer cells

Front 57

inflammation

Back 57

-dilation of blood vessels which leads to increase in capillary permeability and in phagocytic activity at site of infection

Front 58

pus

Back 58

-accumulation of plasma, dead cells, WBCs and bacteria both living and dead

-produced by increase in phagocytic activity during inflammation

Front 59

purulent

Back 59

-term describing a specimen full of pus

Front 60

boil/abscess

Back 60

-occurs when purulence is enclosed in a wall of fibrin and clotting process is activated

Front 61

carbuncle

Back 61

-collection of several abscesses

Front 62

fever

Back 62

-body temperature above normal body temperature, due to the effect of bacteria, viruses and other foreign organisms on the hypothalamus

Front 63

humoral immunity

Back 63

-specific body defense resulting in production of antibodies to antigens

Front 64

cell-mediated immunity

Back 64

-specific body defense that involves T-cells that can react directly with foreign antigen

-particularly involved in infections caused by parasites, viruses, rickettsia, and bacteria that are intracellular parasites

Front 65

infective dose

Back 65

-number of organisms that must enter body in order to establish the disease

-immunity occurs if exposure dose is less than infective dose

Front 66

invasiveness

Back 66

-the ability of an organism to penetrate tissues and cause structural damage

Front 67

Which enzymes produced by bacteria affect their toxigenicity?

Back 67

-coagulase

-streptokinase

-hyaluronidase

-leukocidin

-hemolysin

Front 68

endotoxins

Back 68

-toxins that are part of cell wall of Gram negative organisms and are released upon the death of the cell

Front 69

exotoxins

Back 69

-proteins that often behave as enzymes and are usually classified according to their activity

-predominantly produced by Gram positive organisms

Front 70

By which mechanisms do bacteria overcome host defenses?

Back 70

-attachment and multiplication

-retrieval of nutrients from host

-inhibition of phagocytosis

-evasion of immune response

-damage to host tissues

-indirect damage to host tissues through an immune reaction