Medical Botany Exam 3 General Study Guide

Front 1

heart attack

Back 1

reduction of blood supplied by coronary arteries; death of cardiac tissue

Front 2

angina pectoris

Back 2

narrowing of coronary arteries; intermittent chest pain usually precipitated by physical exertion

Front 3

arrhythmia

Back 3

abnormal rhythm of heart due to development of new pacemakers - sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes

Front 4

Congestive heart failure

Back 4

heart does not function adequately as a pump

Front 5

Heart valve stenosis and regurgitation

Back 5

damage to heart valves leading to narrowing and/or regurgitation (leaking)

Front 6

Cerebrovascular Stroke

Back 6

generally occlusions of arteries leading to the brain

Front 7

Vascular Diseases

Back 7

largely refers to vessels beyond heart/brain. Arteriosclerosis - Embolism, Aneurysm

Front 8

Cardiac Glycosides

Back 8

Structure: Sugar + steroidal nucleus & lactone ring
Action: inhibits Sodium/Potassium pump; Increases cardiac output; Increases work capacity of heart w/o increase in oxygen consumption; Decreases heart rate; Decreases arterial resistance

Front 9

Ouabain

Back 9

(g-strophanthin) isolated from plants has been used by scientists in in vitro studies to specifically block the sodium pump. The compound is no longer widely used for the treatment of human heart failure

Front 10

Scillaren A

Back 10

hydrolyzed to glucose, rhamnose and the steroid aglycone scillaridin A, which has the same actions and uses as hydrolysed digitalis glycosides
-Squill & Sea Onion

Front 11

Scillaren B

Back 11

a mixture of cardiac glycosides
-Squill & Sea Onion

Front 12

Convallatoxin

Back 12

Similar to digitalis glycosides; upon hydrolysis it yields strophanthidin and rhamnose
-Lily of the Valley, monarch butterfly, milkweed bug

Front 13

Reserpine

Back 13

antihypertensive - Blocks the vesicular monoamine transporter of norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine; This prevents entry to vesicles and subsequent release into synaptic cleft;

Hint 13

The unprotected neurotransmitters are then metabolized.
-snakewood

Front 14

Reserpine
ACTION

Back 14

Antihypertensive-Acts on sympathetic nervous system; depletes norepinephrine (lowers heart output & relaxes vessels); Acts on CNS as a depressant (tranquilizing);
-Rarely used in management of hypertension today.

Hint 14

Side effects: severe depression, lowers body temperature & heart rate, drowsiness, decrease in saliva & gastric secretions, hypotension, mental confusion

Front 15

Steroidal Alkaloids

Back 15

-Hellebore
Action: sensitizes afferent (sensory) receptors to send more impulses to vasomotor centers in brain stem; lowers blood pressure, heart action, & respiration);

Hint 15

Side effects: also sensitizes nausea & vomit receptors

Front 16

Ephedrine / Pseudoephedrine

Back 16

-ephedra - antihypotensive Action: acts like epinephrine on sympathetic (adenergic) receptors
constricts blood vessels (increasing blood pressure)
increases cardiac output
relaxes bronchiolar muscles
stimulates CNS

Hint 16

Side effects: high blood pressure, headaches, insomnia, anxiety, dizziness, convulsions, arrhythmia, death

Front 17

Antiarrhythmic Drugs

Back 17

Action: acts through atrioventicular node to suppress abnormal rhythms, prevents fibrillation

Hint 17

digitoxin, digoxin, lanatoside C, ouabain, K-strophanthin, quinine, quinidine

Front 18

Antianginal Drugs

Back 18

Action: coronary vasodilators (increase blood oxygen-carrying blood supply to heart)
Nitroglycerin (acts in 2 minutes, eliminated in 15 minutes)

Hint 18

papaverine (opium), aminophylline (tea), reserpine (snakewood), atropine (belladona), khellin

Front 19

Khellin

Back 19

-Ammi visnaga
Has lipophilic properties and causes vasodilation. Used in Egyptian medicine. It is not widely used as a medication because it is difficult to absorb and causes a range of undesirable side effects such as dizziness, headache, gastrointestinal disorders and nausea.

Hint 19

Analogs (e.g. aminodazone) have been developed which reduce side effects.

Front 20

Anticoagulant Drugs

Back 20

Courmarin compounds – various species, including many Fabaceae
Action: vitamin K antagonists

Front 21

Diuretic Drugs

Back 21

Xanthine alkaloids (caffeine, theobromine, theophylline) Action: increases urinary excretion of water, sodium, and potassium - Potassium must be replaced

Front 22

Anticholesterol Compounds: fenugreek

Back 22

Evidence that it lowers LDL and total blood cholesterol and increases HDL.It has been used to increase milk production in lactating females.

Front 23

Anticholesterol Compounds: Ram's Horn

Back 23

Used in herbal medicine to reduce blood sugar, lower LDL, total cholesterol, and triglycerides.

Front 24

Anticholesterol Compounds:
cat’s-claw

Back 24

Allegedly lowers total cholesterol; increases circulation and reduces heart rate.

Front 25

Anticholesterol Compounds: other plants

Back 25

ginger, green tea, garlic, turmeric, Asian ginseng