Media History And Culture

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Main causes for the collapse of the press in the early 21st century

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Digital Photography

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Samuel Hopkins Adams

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Exposed medicine and narcotic fraud

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Cecil Chesterton

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Exposes stock fraud through the Marconi Scandal.

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David Graham Philips

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"In Treason of Senate" exposed senators who had taken bribes and campaign contributors such as Standard Oil

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Lincoln Steffens

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Exposed city level political corruption through "Shame of the Cities"

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Upton Sinclair

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"the Jungle" shines a light on meat production, which lead to the establishment of the FDA.

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Ida Tarbell

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Editor of the free speech newspaper. got burnt down by the white mob so she fled to NY. worked with civil rights and founded the NAACP

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Communist press censorship according to RosaLuxembourg

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German Communist revolutionary. Suppression of free speech in Russia was not only wrong butself-defeating

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The Fourth Estate

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Press.

1st-nobility

2nd-the clergy

-the house of commons

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Joseph Pulitzer

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Was a hungarian immigrant whoFounded the New York World. Has endowed the Pulitzer Prize and crusaded against racism, corruption, and slum housing

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William Randolph Hearst

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Most well known practitioners of yellow journalism, created dishonest and fake news

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Alfred Harmsworth

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Britain's most powerful tabloid publishers, started the London Daily Mail. Also started the Daily Mirror

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E.W. Scripps

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Owning the wire service called the United Press. he also established Scripps Oceanographic Institution and the Science Service

"Original knowledge is better than derivedknowledge."

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Nelly Bly

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Known as a famous women's reporter for going around the world in 72 days and beating the record of 80. Also went undercover in a madhouse and investigated women's issues

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The impact of Digital photography

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made it easier to access photos and news. could be used for advertisements, and became a big part of newspapers

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New Yorkers’ reaction to Matthew Brady's photosfrom the front lines of the Civil War when they were first exhibited in NewYork in 1862

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Bradyphotographed civil war. Released gruesome pictures that caught the public'sattention. This is the first time the public was able to see first hand whathappened on the battle field.

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Pictorialism

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new photography style in the late 19th century. Turning photography into art, "medium of individual expression."

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The impact of the censorship of WWIcorrespondent George Seldes’ key battlefield report

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Contributed to DolchstoBlegende myth that led to rise of Nazis.

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Mahatma Gandhi’s view of the press

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He used newspapers to campaign for india's freedom from British colonialism, and non violence

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The African American press’ “Double V” strategyin WWII

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It encouraged African American to participate atevery level in winning the war abroad, while simultaneously fighting for theircivil rights at home.

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John Walter 2 (Jr)

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the steam power press

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Benjamin Day

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The Sun, published out of desperation, concerned with daily lives, murders, and controversies

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James Gordon Bennett

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NY Herald

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Horace Greeley

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Founded and was an editor of the New York Tribune. He was a liberal Republican presidentialcandidate and lost to Ulysses S. Grant. He was very interested inpolitical journalism and urged settlements in the west. He supportedAbraham Lincoln and urged him to get rid of slavery before Lincoln didso.

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Henry Raymond

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Founded the New York Times. He began his career on Horace Greely'sTribune. He was conservative and cautious in his paper and wanted toremain objective and neutral. He did not want to stir emotion and did notuse abusive language.

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Joseph M. Levy

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tookover the Daily Telegraph in London and believed if he could produce a cheapernewspaper than others, he would own the market. The Daily Telegraphwas the first penny newspaper in London and became the "largest,best, and cheapest newspaper in the world." They sold more copiesthan The New York Times.

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William Stead

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Editorand publisher of Pall Mall Gazette. Sensationalist English reformist Usedpress to influence public opinion and government policy. He made a fortune offof exposing the "virtual slave trade" of London in the late 1800s

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America’s treatment of the German and Japanesepress after WWII

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American's set up Germany and Japan for economic prosperity and set off free democratic press

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Origin of the term "muckraker"

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"Mud Raker" Teddy Roosevelt gave aspeech calling investigative journalists "mudrakers" a reference tothe 17th century book Pilgram's Progress

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Cost of printed books compared to hand-copiedmanuscripts in the 1460s and 70s?

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Books cost 10x less than manuscripts

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William Randolph Hers as depicted in the movie Citizen Kane vs the real life Hers

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WRHfaked news, he was ruthless, he poached other papers' writers. He sold hisnewspaper for a penny. Citizen Kane talked about how easy it was formanipulative people like WRH to gain power through media and build empires thatsupported scandal, rumor, etc.

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Origin of the term "Yellow Journalism"

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Pulitzer and Hearst's newspapers pressured the US government inwar against Spain in 1898. This created this term named for the ink used tocolor a comic character called the "yellow kid"; usually a humoroustake on working class life, was first printed in the New York World but latermoved to Hearst's Journal American.

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Walter Lippmann's 4 stages of the media

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He was liberal journalist, the four stages are:

1) Authoritarian 2) Partisan 3)Commercial 4) Organized Intelligence

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The reason why he penny press in Britain, France and Germanyemerged decades after the US

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The countries used censorship, because they didn't want the government to be talked about

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The "Moan Hoax" of 1835

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the series of six articlesthat were published in "the Sun" about supposed discovery of life onthe Moon

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Origin of the term "penny press"

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mass production paper tool, newspapers costed a penny

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The significance of Joe Rosenthal’s most famous militaryphotograph depictingsoldiers raising a U.S. flag

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Inspired a turning point in the war and became a signal for the US Marine Corps

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The significance of Dorothea Lange’s “MigrantWoman” photograph

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Stirred emotion from its viewers and created social reform. also showed the impact of the economy on its people

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Signs of interactivity in the earliest stages ofthe printing revolution

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pivital development of history, evolves from techinque, resources and demand

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The Dispute over Oscar Wilde's portrait

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Copyright controversy because it was reproduced without permission. Rise to the Burrow and Gile's case that put photography under copy right protection.

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printing's influence on the church

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-Allowedpeople to speak out against the church and spread new religious ideas fast andfar around Europe. Ultimately caused the downfall of the church because MartinLuther spread his ideas of protestentism using print.

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Johannes Gutenberg’s actual invention

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Printing press

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Thomas Paine

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words that sparked campaign for American freedom

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Camille Desmoulins

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speech sparked storming of the bastille and the french revolution

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Thomas Jefferson

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American Enlightenment "cant have true democracy without freedom of the press"

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William Cobbett

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in trouble with authorities, observed cruelty poverty and corruption

Jailed in Britain, fled back to us, returned to keeping crusading which led to Luddite riots

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John Peter Zenger

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the governor brought Zenger to trial for criminal libel after the publication of satirical attacks. The jury acquitted Zenger, who became the iconic American hero for freedom of the press.

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John Walter

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favored reforms. supported peoples rights of freedom of speech and to petition the government. jailed on libel charges

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Hutchins Commission of 1947

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-RobertHutchins commission recommended to publishers five things that society was entitledto from the press. 1.A truthful, comprehensive, and intelligent account of the day’s events in acontext which gives them meaning2.A forum for the exchange of content and criticism3.The projection of a representative picture of the constituent groups in society4.The presentation and clarification of the goals and values of society5.full access to the days intelligence