Learning Outcome 5

Front 1

The Upper Respiratory Tract

Back 1

Located outside the thoracic cavity.

Consists of:

-Nasal cavity

-Pharyx:

-Nasopharynx

-Oropharynx

-Laryngopharynx

-Larynx

Front 2

The Lower Respiratory Tract

Back 2

Located inside the thoracic cavity.

Consists of:

-Trachea

-Left and right primary bronchi

-Bronchioles

-Left lung lower lobe

-Diaphragm

Front 3

Cilia

Back 3

Small hairs that filter out dust and large foreign particles. Located just inside the nostrils.

Front 4

Palate

Back 4

A bony structure that separate the nasal cavity and the mouth.

Front 5

Septum

Back 5

A vertical plate of bone and cartilage that separates the nasal cavity into two halves.

Front 6

Conchae

Back 6

Three bones in the nasal cavity that create narrow passages, ensuring that most air contacts the mucous membrane on the way through. As it does, the air picks up moisture and heat from the mucosa, and dust sticks to the mucus.

Also known as turbinates.

Front 7

Olfactory Nerve

Back 7

Responsible for the sense of smell.

Front 8

Sphenoid Sinus

Back 8

Drain mucus into the nasal cavity.

Front 9

Pharynx

Back 9

A muscular tube located just behind the nasal and oral cavities.

Divided into three regions:

-Nasopharynx

-Oropharynx

-Laryngopharynx

Also known as the throat.

Front 10

Nasopharynx

Back 10

Extends from the posterior nares to the soft palate. It contains openings for the right and left auditory tubes.

Front 11

Oropharynx

Back 11

A space between the soft palate and the base of the tongue. It contains the palatine tonsils as well as the lingual tonsils, found at the base of the tongue.

Front 12

Laryngoharynx

Back 12

Passes dorsal to the larynx and connects to the esophagus.

Front 13

Larynx

Back 13

A chamber formed by walls of cartilage and muscle, located between the root of the tongue and the upper end of the trachea. Also known as the voice box, since it contains the vocal cords.

Front 14

Three fuctions of the larynx:

Back 14

1. It prevents food and liquids from entering the trachea.

2. It acts as an air passageway between the pharynx and trachea.

3. It produces sound.

Front 15

Epiglottis

Back 15

Closes over the top of the larynx during swallowing to direct food and liquids into the esophagus. The uppermost cartilage.

Front 16

Thyroid Cartilage

Back 16

The largest piece of cartilage which is also known as the Adam's apple.

Front 17

Vestibular Folds

Back 17

These folds close the glottis during swallowing to keep food and liquids out of the airway.

Front 18

Vocal Cords

Back 18

Produces sound when air passes over them during exhalation.

Front 19

Glottis

Back 19

The opening between the vestibular folds.

Front 20

Carina

Back 20

A cartilaginous ridge at the base of the trachea.

Front 21

Bronchial Tree

Back 21

The trachea branches into two bronchi that themselves have many branches. Resembles an inverted tree.

Front 22

Primary Bronchi

Back 22

The two large branches that the trachea splits into.

Front 23

Bronchioles

Back 23

Very small airways lacking any supportive cartilage. These branch off of the tertiary bronchi.

Front 24

Alveolar Ducts

Back 24

Thin-walled passages that extend from the bronchioles.

Front 25

Alveolar Sacs

Back 25

The primary structures for gas exchange that attach to the alveolar ducts.

Front 26

Respiratory Membrane

Back 26

Air exchange occurs through the respiratory membrane, which consists of the alveolar epithelium, the capillary endothelium, and their joined basement membranes.

Front 27

Surfactant

Back 27

A substance that helps reduce surface tension to keep the alveolus from collapsing as air moves in and out during respiration.

Front 28

Inspiration

Back 28

The repetitive process of inhaling.

Front 29

Expiration

Back 29

The repetitive process of exhaling.

Front 30

Intercostal Muscles

Back 30

The muscles in between the ribs.

Front 31

Accessory Muscles of Respiration

Back 31

Muscle used during times of forced or labored breathing.

Front 32

Inspiration Center

Back 32

The primary respiratory center that controls inspiration and, indirectly, expiration.

Front 33

Apneustic Center

Back 33

Stimulates the inspiratory center to increase the length and depth of inspiration.

Front 34

Pneumotaxic Center

Back 34

Inhibits both the apneustic center and the inspiratory center to create a normal breathing rhythm and prevents over inflation of the lungs.

Front 35

Expiratory Center

Back 35

Sends impulses to the abdominal and other accessory muscles when more forceful exhalations are needed.

Front 36

Pulmonary Compliance

Back 36

The elasticity of lung tissue. Ventilation can't occur unless the lungs and thorax can stretch and, just as important, recoil.

Front 37

Alveolar Surface Tension

Back 37

A factor affecting airflow. The inner surface of each alveolus is covered with a thin film of water, which is necessary for gas exchange. Alveolar cells secrete surfactant, a lipoprotein that disrupts the electrical attraction between water molecules to lower surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse.

Front 38

Spirometer

Back 38

A device that measures lung capacity by having a person breathe through it.

Front 39

Tidal Volume

Back 39

The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing.

Front 40

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Back 40

The amount of air inhaled using maximum effort after a normal inspiration.

Front 41

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Back 41

The amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal expiration by using maximum effort.

Front 42

Residual Volume

Back 42

The remaining air (1300 ml) that remains in the lungs even after a forced expiration. This air ensures that gas exchange continues even between breaths.

Front 43

Vital Capacity

Back 43

The amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled with the deepest possible breath.

It is the tidal volume combined with the inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes.

Front 44

Total Lung Capacity

Back 44

The maximum amount of air that the lungs can contain.

It is the vital capacity plus the residual volume.

Front 45

With every breath, how much air remains in the conducting airways?

Back 45

150 ml

Front 46

Anatomical Dead Space

Back 46

The air that remains in the conducting airways with every breath. It can't participate in gas exchange.

Front 47

Physiological Dead Space

Back 47

Includes all the air in conducting airways plus the air in any alveoli that are poorly perfused and, therefore, less efficient in gas exchange.