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159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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“The goal of psychological research should be to predict and control behavior on the basis of knowledge of the antecedents of a behavior, the behavior itself, and the consequences of a behavior.” A researcher adhering to which of the following approaches to learning would be most likely to make such a statement?
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behavioral
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“Men can’t cook.” This is all that Jim heard for the week leading up to his first attempt at making Thanksgiving dinner for his family, despite the fact that he had plenty of experience cooking for these same people. When he finally attempted to cook the dinner, he panicked, and burnt the turkey. Such a result is a demonstration of __
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stereotype threat
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The central question for the field of Learning is ___
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How do we come to have knowledge
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The rats in Dr. Smith’s experiment on maze running took a few trials before they started to show any learning ability, although this “slow” early period was followed by a dramatically quick improvement in performance, followed by a slowing down of learning. This data pattern suggests which of the following types of learning curves?
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an "S" shaped curve
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Schmidt and Bork argue that learning and memory ___
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exist along a continuum where one’s degree of memory depends on one’s level of learning
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Which of the following is considered a “memory myth”?
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amnesia involves extensive forgetting of the past
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Learning can best be defined as ___
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a relatively permanent change in behavior, or behavioral repertoire, that occurs as a result of experience
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Animals are used as subjects in learning experiments because ___
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some procedures can be used with animals, but not humans, for ethical reasons
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After eating a recent meal of steak and potatoes, Jill became nauseous and dizzy. As a result of this occurrence, Jill refuses to eat this combination of food, as she believes she will become sick, once again, if she consumes these things. Jill’s attitude toward steak and potatoes is most similar to the associative principle of ___
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contiguity
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Dr. Woods is conducting basic research on the different types of sensory neurons that carry input to spinal neurons. Her research on these neurons will most likely lead to an increased understanding of the biological nature of
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habituation
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In describing the nature of the relationship between habituation and sensitization, Dual-Process theory argues that ___
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habituation may be a more dominant process in some learning situations, but sensitization may be more dominant in others
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Which of the following is best illustrating of priming?
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buying a specific box of cereal as a result of seeing a commercial for the product several days earlier
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Priming occurs when ___
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one presentation of a stimulus facilitates the processing of a closely-following repetition of the same stimulus
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Continued, safe exposure to an object usually results in neophobia ___
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decreasing
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Which of the following is most likely to result in durable habituation?
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spaced presentations
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The use of stimuli exposures has been used to treat ___
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phobias
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Studying the interaction between neurons in Aplysia has led to the conclusion that habituation occurs ___
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at synapses between neurons
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A decrease in responding to a stimulus is referred to as ___
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habituation
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A teacher is helping a young student understand what the color ‘green’ looks like. Research on perceptual learning suggests that the best way of accomplishing this would be to ___
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show the student some objects that are ‘green’ and some that are ‘blue’
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Assume that a CS-US pairing has led to the establishment of a CR, and this CR is then extinguished. The subsequent presentation of a US by itself will most likely lead to ___
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reinstatement
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After using classical conditioning to train a child to stand whenever a teacher calls their name, the child begins to stand whenever any adults refer to them. What has occurred?
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generalization
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An experimenter wants to test the level of Pavlovian conditioning that can be obtained via pairing a tone (the CS) with an electric shock (the US). Before beginning the actual CS-US pairings, the experimenter presents the tone by itself for several trials. The resulting consequence of this CS-only presentation on later CS-US associative learning is referred to as ___
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latent inhibition
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Unconditioned Stimuli ___
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look at 56-57 (are not neutral)
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Dr. Williams is interested in studying classical conditioning, but she feels that manipulating reflex-evoking USs in unethical. To work around Dr. Williams’s ethical standards, she should use ___
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evaluative conditioning
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Once extinction has occurred, previously-learned Pavlovian associations can ___
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be recovered by reexposure to the US alone, in the absence of the CS
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Classical conditioning measures ___
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the amount of change in responding to the presentation of a two or more stimuli
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The first step in second order conditioning involves the pairing of ___
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a CS and a US
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In a classical conditioning experiment, an experimenter declares a flash of light to be the CS, an electric shock as the US, and a fear reaction as the UR (as well as, eventually, the CR). Forward conditioning involves ___
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presenting the light first, followed by the shock
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In a classical conditioning experiment, an experimenter declares a flash of light to be the CS, an electric shock as the US, and a fear reaction as the UR (as well as, eventually, the CR). The acquisition phase of this experiment would involve presenting ___
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the light with the shock
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Susan wants to use classical conditioning to teach her cat to come to her whenever she calls him. In this case, Susan’s voice would be the ___
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CS
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Which of the following is the temporal order of stimuli in a classical conditioning experiment that will most likely lead to conditioning?
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CS+US
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An experimenter wants to test the level of Pavlovian conditioning that can be obtained via pairing a tone (the CS) with an electric shock (the US). If, before beginning the actual CS-US pairings, the experimenter presents the tone by itself for several trials, what is likely to occur later during the actual CS-US pairings?
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the learning of the association between the CS and US will be inhibited
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An experimenter wants to investigate the effect of compound stimuli on Pavlovian conditioning. This is studied by pairing two CSs (a loud, high-pitched tone, and an almost silent, low-pitched tone). During the testing portion of the experiment, it is found that CRs occur to the loud, but not almost silent, tone. What has happened?
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overshadowing
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A dog is trained to salivate in the presence of a blue light, but not in the presence of a green light. What has occurred?
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discrimination
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Jon is extremely depressed because he feels that he is responsible for his wife’s suicide; he believes that he should have detected warning signs and helped his wife. Jon’s thoughts here are illustrative of ___
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an internal locus of control
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Which of the following is likely to lead to learned helplessness?
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experience with uncontrollable stressors
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Tom has always gotten in trouble when his mom comes home from work at 4:30 pm each day, because he makes his entire house dirty every day. However, as of yesterday, Tom was no longer punished because at 3:30, he started cleaning the house, and when his mom got home, the mess was gone. What occurred yesterday?
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avoidance learning
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Punishment is not considered to be a nonreward event because ___
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nonreward events do not involve the application of an aversive stimulus
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Samantha has decided to change her fear of multiple choice exams by altering her expectancies of what will happen to her when she takes such a test. Such an occurrence is a critical element of ____
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a cognitive approach to avoidance
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Which of the following is characteristic of an avoidance coping style?
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blunting
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Once a person acquires a behavior, that skill will only occur in that specific situation.
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false
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Which of the following is most likely to lead to learned helplessness?
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cynicism
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Instrumental Learning involves understanding the connection between ___
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a behavior and its consequence
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Mary is trying to lose weight, and after each 5-pound reduction in her weight, she rewards her efforts by buying herself a new pair of shoes. The shoes, in this scenario, represent which element of the ABC approach to behavior modification?
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Consequence
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Tom, a 14-year-old boy, is watching a television commercial aimed at showing people how unhealthy cigarettes are to one’s health. Such a message is best referred to as a(n) ___
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informational intervention
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Giving a child a new pencil as a reward for a good test score would be an example of ___
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secondary and token reinforcement
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To train a rat to press a bar in a Skinner box, Dr. Jones first gives the rat a reinforcer for smelling the bar, then gives it a reinforcer for touching the bar lightly, and then, finally, gives another reinforcer when the goal behavior, bar-pressing, is accomplished. Dr. Jones’s technique is best illustrative of ___
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successive approximations
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Dr. Smith is trying to teach Billy to WANT to do his homework, because of the personal satisfaction that homework completion will bring to Billy. Dr. Smith is essentially trying to enhance Billy’s ___
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intrinsic motivation
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Joe is playing a slot machine in a casino, and in the 5 hours that he has been playing, he has only won once. However, Joe persists in putting his money in the machine, and, more often than not, losing it! From the information here, on what type of reinforcement schedule can you be certain that Joe has been placed?
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partial reinforcement
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In a bar-pressing operant conditioning situation, Dr. Smith has defined a light as a SD. During the experiment, whenever the light comes on, What should the participant (a rat) do?
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press the bar to get a reinforcer
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Transsituationality is the idea that reinforcers ___
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have their reinforcing qualities in manners that deviate from their originally-used context
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A teacher wants has always rewarded her students for handing in their homework assignments on time by rewarding punctually-returned assignments with 5 stickers per assignment. After a month of this reward system, the teacher only offers 1 sticker per assignment. What is she likely to observe, in terms of the punctuality of returned homework assignments?
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a negative contrast
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While training her dog to retrieve a newspaper and bring it back to her, Alice rewards her dog with a small treat after he performs the behavior correctly. In order to maximize the value that the reward has on the dog’s ability to learn the behavior, the goal gradient hypothesis would suggest that how much time should pass between retrieving the paper and receiving the reward?
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5 seconds
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The type of connection that is central to Thorndike’s work is ___
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S-R
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When presented with the stimulus word “BASKET” and asked for a response, Jody replies “BALL.” This response is typical of research looking into which aspect of paired- associate learning?
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direction of association
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Mandy is one of 10 individuals interviewing for a new position in the ABC Advertising Agency. If she wants her interviewers to remember her best, according to the serial position effect, when should she be interviewed, in relation to the other 9 applicants?
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tenth
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As you are sitting here taking this exam, and answering the questions, you can’t remember exactly where you heard the answers, but they just seem to be the correct ones. This type of remembering is illustrative of:
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knowing
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Steve is trying to remember the name of his first-grade teacher, but he’s having difficulty. He remembers that the teacher’s name starts with an M, but that’s all he can seemingly remember. Steve’s problem is arising from a difficulty with:
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accessibility
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Josh has just finished studying for his final exam in physics. According to Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve, if Josh it to forget any of the material he just studied, his degree of forgetting will be at its highest level:
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today
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Joe remembers to buy his wife, Ann, an anniversary present because to word “anniversary” contains his wife’s name. This type of memory aid is illustrative of:
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the keyword method
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Subjects is a memory experiment are presented with the following words to memorize: cat, automobile, phone, light, word, garbage, wood, television, basket, carpet, and apple. Joe, one of the subjects, remembers PHONE, TELEVISION, and CARPET, saying they go together well, while Kim, another subject, recalls PHONE, LIGHT, and APPLE, stating that she sees a pattern in these words. This differential recall can be attributed to:
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subjective organization
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The answer to which of the following questions would be considered a valid indicator of one’s serial learning ability?
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how to set the time on your digital watch
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A group of children are presented with a list of 20 words that they are told to remember. Upon engaging in a free-recall task after the list is presented, which of the following children is likely to recall the most words?
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Joe, a 10 year old boy
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Which of the following groups of words has the highest chance of being recalled perfectly?
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apple, orange banana, pear, watermelon
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When testing spatial memory, all of the evidence shows that men perform better than women when trying to recall the locations of objects.
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false
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As a result of taking this test today, you are having a difficult time recalling the material you studied yesterday, for a test in tomorrow’s calculus class. The memory deficit described here illustrates:
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retroactive interference
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Sue is asked to remember as many words from a previously studied list, and is given the word “ANIMALS” as a reminder. This type of task is best described as:
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cued recall
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Dr. Smith gives his experimental subjects the words BOY and SKY to learn in a paired associate task. After presenting subjects with these two words, subjects must generate a sentence that uses both of the words. Dr. Smith’s methodology is study the effect of which of the following processes on paired-associate learning?
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cognitive elaboration
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When studying for an upcoming debate for student body President at her high school, Mandy has 8 critical points that she wants to make. She mentally organizes these points into 31 different conceptual relationships (CRs), and then begins the debate. Her 3 opponents also have 8 points, each, to make, and they have organized their ideas accordingly: Josh-20 CRs; Jodi-22 CRs; James-15 CRs. According to the relationship construction hypothesis, who will most likely have the best memory for their critical points?
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Mandy
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Toni’s mother has advanced Alzheimer’s Disease, and she has forgotten virtually everything about Toni and her brother Tim. This type of memory loss could best be characterized as:
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retrograde amnesia
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Jane is unable to remember anything that was taught in a history course she completed 2 semesters ago, and she feels that this is due to the trauma she experienced during each class meeting because the professor reminded Jane of her abusive ex-husband. Jane’s memory loss could be best characterized as:
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limited amnesia
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A student is sitting in class, writing down everything a teacher is saying, although the student doesn’t seem to understand what is being said. This type of behavior is reflective of which type of processing?
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maintenance
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Joe is one of 20 individuals interviewing for a job. Joe would like to go last, as he feels that this position will keep him in his interviewers’ short term memory, compared to the other applicants. Joe’s positioning here is most directly related to:
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the recency effect
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The answer to which of the following questions would most likely involve activation of the mechanism(s) behind implicit memory?
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what type of ice cream tastes better? Vanilla or Chocolate?
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Mary’s knowledge of how to drive a car is most likely originating from her:
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procedural memory
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Tom is sure that he has dated his current girlfriend, Sara, for a few weeks about 5 years ago. Sara, however, says that she had never met Tom before they started dating. Tom’s “memory” concerning Sara is illustrative of:
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deja vu
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The ability to recall, in order of presentation, which of the following number of items from a sequence of items is indicative of a normal adult memory span:
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8
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Joe is having a hard time taking notes in Professor Jones’s class, because he can’t repeat the professor’s words fast enough to hold them in his mind and write them down. Joe’s memory difficulty is most likely stemming from a difficulty within which working memory component?
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phonological loop
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The conceptual element that was included in Atkinson & Shiffrin’s modal model of memory that was missing from James’s and Waugh & Norman’s accounts of memory was
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sensory memory
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Jane has no LTM for any new information she encounters, although her STM seems relatively normal. Assuming her amnesia is a result of physical brain damage, a scan of Jane’s brain is likely to find damage in which of the following areas?
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temporal lobe
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Jane is unable to remember anything that was taught in a history course she completed 2 semesters ago, and she feels that this is due to the trauma she experienced during each class meeting because the professor reminded Jane of her abusive ex-husband. Jane’s memory loss could be best characterized as:
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limited amnesia
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A student is sitting in class, writing down everything a teacher is saying, although the student doesn’t seem to understand what is being said. This type of behavior is reflective of which type of processing?
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maintenance
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Joe is one of 20 individuals interviewing for a job. Joe would like to go last, as he feels that this position will keep him in his interviewers’ short term memory, compared to the other applicants. Joe’s positioning here is most directly related to:
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the recency effect
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The answer to which of the following questions would most likely involve activation of the mechanism(s) behind implicit memory?
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what type of ice cream tastes better? Vanilla or Chocolate?
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Mary’s knowledge of how to drive a car is most likely originating from her:
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procedural memory
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Tom is sure that he has dated his current girlfriend, Sara, for a few weeks about 5 years ago. Sara, however, says that she had never met Tom before they started dating. Tom’s “memory” concerning Sara is illustrative of:
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deja vu
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The ability to recall, in order of presentation, which of the following number of items from a sequence of items is indicative of a normal adult memory span:
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8
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Joe is having a hard time taking notes in Professor Jones’s class, because he can’t repeat the professor’s words fast enough to hold them in his mind and write them down. Joe’s memory difficulty is most likely stemming from a difficulty within which working memory component?
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phonological loop
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The conceptual element that was included in Atkinson & Shiffrin’s modal model of memory that was missing from James’s and Waugh & Norman’s accounts of memory was
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sensory memory
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Jane has no LTM for any new information she encounters, although her STM seems relatively normal. Assuming her amnesia is a result of physical brain damage, a scan of Jane’s brain is likely to find damage in which of the following areas?
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temporal lobe
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Mary suffered a stroke, the result of which damaged the Episodic Buffer of her Working Memory. As a result, Mary will likely have difficulty when she
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attempts to retrieve data from Long Term Memory to use in Working Memory
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Which of the following features has been identified as being a critical characteristic of STM
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acoustic encoding
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The impairment in patient K.F. suggests that
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STM is not necessary for the transfer of information into LTM
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Betty’s grandmother died 10 years ago, and although Betty can remember what her grandmother looked like, she can no longer recall her grandmother’s voice. This type of memory loss is consistent with which memory related theory?
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memory attribute model
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The inability to remember new information as a result of older information blocking one’s retrieval ability is known as
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proactive interference
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Rebecca has been presented with the names of 30 different colors to commit to memory. Item number 31, however, is a type of food. When asked to recall all 31 items, she is relatively accurate for the first 10 colors, but then performs terribly on colors 11-30. The type of food she is presented with on trial 31, however, is recalled perfectly. This enhanced recall for item 31, in relation to her performance on items 11-30, is known as:
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release from proactive interference
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James is conducting an experiment that involves having subjects read a set of 3 words from a computer monitor, and then press the [SPACE BAR] key on the computer’s keyboard once all three items have been read. Which of the following individuals is likely to show the slowest ability at completing this task?
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an 80 year old man
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At the start of her calculus class, Professor Ann Siety tells her class that “while math majors do well in this class, non-science majors tend to earn very low grades.” Steve, an English major who is already nervous about being in this class, remembers this statement all semester long, and during each exam, his anxiety becomes so overpowering that he forgets to answer many questions, and fails each one. His friend Jon, however, who is also an English major, missed the first class where the professor made her statement; he is nowhere near as nervous about the class as his friend. Steve’s performance, relative to Jon’s, can be seen as arising from:
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stereotype threat
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Which of the following statements best represents the consciousness binding problem?
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“Amanda is interested in studying how auditory and spatial information are integrated when trying to understand interpersonal communications.”
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Sara’s frontal lobe injury has led to her being unable to focus her attention on one task for any substantial amount of time. Sara is most likely experiencing:
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dysexecutive syndrome
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Mary is at a party, talking to Tom. However, in the middle of her conversation, she hears her name mentioned across the room, and almost immediately turns her attention to the place in the room from where she believes she heard her name. The element of Working Memory most responsible for this shifting of attention is most likely the
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central executive
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According to the word-length-effect, which of the following words has the best chance of being recalled correctly?
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REFLEX
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Professor Smith believes that one’s immediate memory can hold a variety of pieces of information, from different domains, simultaneously. Such an ability would be possible only if which system functions properly?
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working memory
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Successful performance on memory span tests are believed to rely of which of the following systems?
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both STM and LTM
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According to the video on Alzheimer disease that we watched in class on October 28, ___
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individuals with Alzheimer disease might experience symptoms of depression and anxiety
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James witnessed a murder 2 years ago, and is now testifying at the suspect’s murder trial. If the suspect’s lawyer were to ask James questions that deliberately included information that never happened during the crime James witnessed, James’s memory for the event:
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can be altered
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Ever since his car accident, Joe has difficulty remembering what his friends do for a living, although he can remember their names. This dysfunction is evidence for:
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the modularity of semantic memory
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Whenever Julie is sad, she can only remember sad events. In these cases, Julie’s memory ability seems to be based on:
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mood-congruent memory
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Joanne looks at a four-legged creature scurrying across her basement floor and recognizes it as a mouse. This decision was most likely made from information retrieved from which memory system?
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semantic
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Thomas was recently involved in a motorcycle accident, which resulted in him damaging the frontal lobe of his brain. Which of the following abilities is likely to be impaired as a result of this injury?
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searching through old memories
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A person earning which of the following grades in a history course is likely to have the highest amount of recall of the course content years after finishing the course:
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A
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Three groups of professors (from psychology, economics, and history) are in a room, taking part in a human memory experiment. All participants are first shown a list of important psychological concepts (for 5 minutes) and then come back to the lab an hour later to recall the terms as best they can. According to research with the DRM procedure, which group is most likely to make the most false recalls, including items on their recall list that were not initially presented?
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the psychology professors
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Kyle, a college student, is looking at a photo album, and sees a picture of himself (which he has seen before) when he was in elementary school. His mom tells him, however, that the picture is actually his father, when he was in elementary school. The next time Kyle sees the picture, he thinks “that’s my dad when he was a little kid.” What has just occurred to Kyle’s memory of that picture?
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reconsolidation
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As Melanie sits in class paying attention to the new material being presented by her professor, this information, in its unconsolidated state, is likely being processed in which storage system?
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short-term memory
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Of all of the lectures in his Introductory Economics class, Tom remembers the class about global economics best because the teacher wore all of his clothes backwards and inside-out. The teachers was seemingly trying to encourage:
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the Von Restorff Effect
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Tim is told that his ability to retrieve the correct answers on his history exam will gain him monetary rewards. Specifically, correct multiple-choice answers will earn him 25 cents per answer, while correct short answer questions will gain him 75 cents per answer. Research on contrast effects suggests that Tim:
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will answer more of the short-answer questions correctly, in comparison to the multiple choice questions
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Which of the following scenarios is most likely to produce the best retention of studied material, according to the optimal spacing theory?
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spacing 2 study periods 2 days apart from each other, followed by a test 10 days later
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Joe remembers the name of his new college professor making an association between the professor’s name and her face. This type of processing is consistent with:
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elaborative rehearsal
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Joe (who sleeps at night and is awake during the day) is having his digit span tested as part of an employment screening exam. If he wants to maximize his chances of doing well on this exam (which then gives him a good chance of getting the job), he should taken the digit span test at:
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11 am
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Professor Davis places a map of Europe on his blackboard, and Bill, a student in the class, encodes the map by reciting, out loud, the names and locations of the different countries on the map. Bill’s later inability to recall the spatial elements of the map can be said to be most directly stemming from:
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verbal overshadowing
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Mary finished studying for her physics exam at 10 pm last night. Upon returning to the library to continue studying this morning, Mary found it difficult to focus on the task at hand. This is illustrative of which explanation of the spacing effect?
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attention deficit
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The players on the Big State University basketball team have been practicing new plays for their league championship game for the past week, and their coach wants to ensure that the team is properly aroused during the game to remember the plays. According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, what level of arousal should the coach try to induce to increase the likelihood of optimal retrieval of the new plays?
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medium
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Scott needs to buy several grocery items for his dinner later tonight, so he makes a list of the items now to prevent him from forgetting the items later. This list-making process is best described as:
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intentional learning
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Michelle has just finished the first pass through her notes for her upcoming History exam, and is deciding how to continue her studying tomorrow. The testing effect would suggest that Michelle should engage in which of the following to enhance her exam performance?
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take a practice exam instead of reviewing the material again
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Dr. Jones thinks his students will do better on their final exam if the “testing effect” described in lecture is used. As such, Dr. Jones should ask the students to create the questions that will be asked on the exam (rather than Dr. Jones writing the questions).
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false
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Janet is learning how to type, in the context of a single-session lab-based psychology experiment. To maximize typing performance in this context, the best type of feedback should be delivered how soon after each typing trial?
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immediately
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Huntington’s and Alzheimer’s patients show __________ patterns of ability across different implicit tests of their knowledge.
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different
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Louie spent 4 hours yesterday afternoon learning how to ride a new all-terrain vehicle, and had his competence tested over an obstacle course. He completed the course, but made 7 driving errors while on the course. After getting a good night’s rest (and without additional driving practice), Louie returned to the course today and completed it with only 2 errors. This skill improvement is best referred to as:
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practice independent learning
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Joe, a normal high school sophomore, has just started to learn how to play chess, although his goal is to become a world-class chess expert. Joe will most likely be able to attain this goal:
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after he graduates college
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Implicit learning ability:
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can be transferred to new contexts
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Which of the following notions concerning expertise tends to be disputed?
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it is inherited
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The 10-year rule applies to the amount of time it takes to:
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become an expert in a given field
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The use of the mere exposure effect in the context of implicit learning ability:
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allows for an indirect assessment of implicit learning ability
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One argument for the implicit nature of procedural knowledge is that it is unconscious because:
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it involves skills that are evolutionarily older than younger, less practiced skills
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The beliefs and self-knowledge that individuals possess about what they’ve learned are central to:
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metacognition
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The “normalization” of data that can occur when one uses schemas tends to _________ one’s ability to recall information from a schema.
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distort
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Research on radial maze ability suggests that:
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rats have the ability to form complex cognitive maps of their environments
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Which of the following tends to combine motor skill learning and implicit learning?
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the serial reaction time procedure
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Which of the following is the best characterization of route knowledge?
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“Go north for 10 miles, then turn left at Main Street.”
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Research on animals’ behavior in water mazes provides evidence supporting the existence of:
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working memory
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n preparation for his psychologist’s licensing exam, Henry organizes the seemingly endless set of information relevant to the exam by making it meaningful to him in many ways. Henry seems to be using ___________ to prepare for the exam.
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Skilled Memory Theory
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The “vanishing cue” method seems to be an effective way of helping amnesics because it:
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utilizes intact implicit abilities
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After practicing all summer long, Mary has finally learned how to make a baseball curve when she throws it. This ability can best be described as:
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motor skill learning
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According to the material presented in lecture, when studying your class material for an exam there is generally better retrieval following maintenance rehearsal than elaborative rehearsal.
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false
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Based on the material discussed in lecture, schemas hurt our ability to use information because we might retrieve information that was never actually encoded.
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true
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Professor Smith can talk, without notes, about the complexity of neuropsychology for hours and hours in class. However, whenever someone asks him about neuropsychology and the question involves an image of some type, he can’t seem to remember anything. Professor Smith seems to have a learning style consistent with which model?
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the visualizer-verbalizer dimension
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Which individual is likely to show the best classical conditioning ability?
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a 27 year-old
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Kate’s preferred mode of teaching involves having her students do many activities in class that make abstract principles “come to life.” This teaching style is illustrative of which approach to learning?
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concrete
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The mnemonist “S.” can be said to have had a memory problem in the sense that he had problems:
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forgetting information
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Barry has three copies of chromosome 21. Which of the following tasks will he most likely have difficulty with?
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tracing the correct path through a maze
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Johnathan, a 14-year-old boy, cannot remember details of the first year of his life. Which of the following is NOT an explanation as to why this amnesia is occurring?
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babies do not think until they are least 2 years old
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Dr. Marie has a 23-year-old female patient that is having problems with her spatial memory. Giving this patient an estrogen supplement to boost her memory will likely have what effect on her memory dysfunction?
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it will have no impact
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Lisa and Denise are identical twins, and are having their episodic and semantic memories tested. They are asked questions about American History prior to 1950, as well as about events that occurred to them during their high school and college years. Results of research involving twins would suggest that Lisa and Denise’s responses to the semantic and episodic questions will likely:
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be independent of one another
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According to the Yerkes-Dodson law discussed in class, there is a linear (i.e., straight line) relationship between innate intelligence and cognitive performance
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False
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According to the video on gender differences and spatial memory that we watched in class on Novmber 11, boys are more likely to use route knowledge and girls are more likely to use cognitive maps in their spatial memory.
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false
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According to Dual-Coding Theory discussed in class, if you want your audience to have good retention of the information your visual information (e.g., Power Point slides) should match what you are saying to your audience.
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true
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Research by Garry et al (1996) discussed in lecture indicates that ___.
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imagining false details about an event might lead us to change our beliefs about whether or not that even actually occurred
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Dr. Smith is testing mice in an apparatus to study spatial memory. The apparatus looks like a small swimming pool filled with opaque liquid (i.e., the water is “murky”). An inch under the surface of the water is a platform. Dr. Smith is testing her mice in a Morris Water Maze.
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true
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Jane and Mary are in a class that meets for 16 weeks and at the end of the session there is a final exam. Jane studies every night and Mary studies for one night every-other week (i.e., she’ll study 8 nights over the 16 week session). Based on the spacing effect reviewed in class, Mary should have better encoding than Jane.
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true
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