Large Animal Diseases Final

Front 1

C/S: discharge, pain, visual impairment, globe -asymmetry, peri-ocular tissues, change in eye color.

Back 1

Equine Ocular Disease

Front 2

Due to trauma, may see divet on surface of the eye. Can become infected from bacteria and fungas. "melting ulcer" bacteria produced enzymes that break down the cornea.

Dx: fluorescein eye stain

Tx: Topical antibiotic, topical atropine-dilates pupil, systemic pain medication, subpalpebral system

Back 2

Corneal Ulcers

Front 3

Inflammatory condition-uveal structures within the eye. Most commonly seen in APPALOOSA BREEDS. Associated with leptospirosis infection and is the LEADING cause of blindness in all horses.

Dx: lepto serum titers, eye exam- pain,swelling, redness of eye, blueish haze

Tx: Topical steroids and/or anti-inflammatories, systemic anti-inflammatories, removal of the eye-PSTHISIS BULBI

Back 3

Recurrent Uveitis (moon blindness)

Front 4

Increased intra-ocular pressure, NOT a primary disease in horses, secondary to uveitis orocular neoplasia.

Dx: measure intra-ocular pressure, topopen- normal <20mm hg

Tx: topical medications-decrease production of aqueous humor, systemic pain medications-banamine,cyclophototablation-laser destroys cilliary body that produces aqueous humor, removal of the eye.

Back 4

Glaucoma

Front 5

Squamous cell carcinoma-MC seen in PAINT and APPALOOSA breeds, affects eyelids, 3rd eyelid, adjacent tissues can be found on vulva, prepuce and penis.

Melanoma-MC in GREY colored horses, occurs on eyelids, periocular tissue, salivary glands, guttural pouch, mouth, penis,vulva &rectum- noted by the black color, melanin and is locally invasive. lymphosarcoma

Tx squamous cell carcinoma: Surgical debulking, cryotherapy-liquid nitrogen, chemotherapeutic-5 fluro-uracil topical ointment and cisplatin beads.

Tx melanoma: monitor, cimetidine, surgical debulking, cryotherapy

Back 5

Neoplasia

Front 6

Fly species (no-see- ums), affects mane/tail, dorsum,ventrum. anti-agents in fly saliva, intense itching.

C/S: hair loss, crusts, scales and hives.

Tx: house indoors early evening, use fans, fly spray, fly sheets, steroids and antibiotics

Back 6

Cullicoides hypersensitivity

Front 7

Proud flesh, occurs with healing wounds on distal limbs, below carpus and hock. appears tumor like, highly vascular, no nerve supply.

Tx: Suture lacerations, surgical debulking, pressure bandage, topical medications-steroids

Back 7

Exuberant Granulation tissue

Front 8

Caused by fungus-trichophyton and microsporum, Zoonotis reported, MC transmitted by other infected horses commonly spread by grooming equipment, tack, and blankets. Seen in YOUNG or IMMUNOSUPPRESSED horses.

Tx: DMT test, antifungals-Lyme sulfur dip, isolate the infected animals, disinfect equipment with dilute bleach.

Back 8

Ring worm(dermatophytosis)

Front 9

MC skin tumor, 3 forms- nodular, verrucous, occult, can occur anywhere on the body

Tx: surgical removal and chemotherapy

Back 9

Neoplasia-Sarcoid

Front 10

Parasite of nasal passages and sinuses, MC in SHEEP, less common in goats. Larvae deposited by adult female fly near nostrils-migrates sneezed out to complete life cycle.

C/S: nasal discharge, sneezing, rubbing nose

Dx: clinical signs, xray head, endoscopy

Tx: deworming-ivermectrin

Back 10

Nasal Bots

Front 11

Greatest economic loss in feedlot cattle, MC cause of DAIRYCALF MORTALITY, occurs in cattle ,sheep,goats. multiple causes such as infectious agents, host factors, environmental factors.

Back 11

Respiratory disease complex (Pneumonia)

Front 12

Occurs in adult cattle M/C w/in 3 wks after arrival at feed yard.All cattle and calves are hosts factors.

C/S: Fever, depression, inappetance, tachypnea, nasal discharge, coughing, cow with dry nose, isolated from the herd, behavior change.

Dx: C/S, xray chest, ultrasound lungs, virus

isolation, bacterial culture-transtracheal wash and necropsy.

Tx: Antibiotics identify early cases. Based on temp (>104.5 warrant Tx) IM injection

Host Factors: Calves (airborne pathogen, over crowding, direct contact w/ older animals, stress, inadequate passive transfer.)

Adults (Causes are prolonged shipping time, weaning at time of shipping, sx procededures, antibiotics in h20, high energy ration, mixing of diff. cattle.

Px: Vaccination. Wean w/in a month before shipping, precondition improves mortality rate by 50% at feedlot, back grounding-calves purchased, collected, pre-conditioned, sorted, rest after arrival12-24 hrs max 48 hrs. water and hay should be provided, take Temp, identify the sick cattle, processing,administer metaphylactic antimicrobial therapy (long lasting antibiotic)

Back 12

Shipping Fever

Front 13

Cattle dental formula

Back 13

(0/3-4 I, 3/3 PM, 3/3 M) = 30-32 Permanent Teeth

Front 14

GI Flow

Back 14

Esophagus > Rumen > Reticulum (Honeycomb) > Omassum > Abomassum (Shiny Smooth)

Front 15

Gas-mechanical obstruction, indigestion or frothy bloat

Dx: rumenocentesis

Tx: Passage of nasogastric tube to relieve gas, place a trochar (screw like structure) in the abdomen to relieve gas can also place medicine down this, detergent, mineral oil and DSS.

Back 15

Bloat

Front 16

MC confined cattle on a mechanically processed rations, metal parts gets mixed into ration, heavy objects fall into recticulum-sharp, wire can pierce the recticulum wall.

DX: x-ray, ultrasound cranial abdomen, grunt and pinch test-check for abdominal pain, compass test

TX: surgery to remove foreign body, magnet and antibiotics.

Back 16

Hardware Disease

Front 17

Can be right or left displaced abomasum, RIGHT DA is an EMERGENCY (torsion)

Dx: listen for pings in the abdomen

Tx: Surgery

Back 17

Displaced Abomasum

Front 18

Caused by: Salmonella>zoonotic

Cryptosporidium>calves,zoonotic,

Parasites-giardia and coccidia (species specific), viruses, clostridium dificil, Johne's disease, acorn toxicity

Back 18

Diarrhea (Dysentery)

Front 19

Actinomyces bovis-bacteria, normal flora in the mouth, colonizes wound in mouth

DX: C/S

TX: antibiotic

Back 19

Lumpy Jaw

Front 20

ORF or sore mouth, Seen in sheep and goats, transmissible to humans, pox virus

Dx: C/S

Tx: none, highly contagious.

Back 20

Contagious Ecthyma

Front 21

C/S: neurological- affect cranial nerves, CNS, peripheral nerves. muscle- bloodwork, firmness, swelling, pain and gait abnormality.

Dx: muscle-blood work, biopsy. nervous system-spinal fluid, myelogram, MRI of the brain.

Back 21

Neuromuscular Disease

Front 22

Virus (CAE), neurologic signs, arthritis, pneumonia and mastitis. 20% showsigns of disease, transmitted via milk/colostrum, no vaccine prevented by management.

Back 22

Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis

Front 23

Calves and yearling cattle, sheep, goats. GI infection of coccidia- produce neurotoxin

Dx: fecal, history of diarrhea before nervous signs develop

Tx: sulfamethoaine, amprolium

Back 23

Nervous Coccidiosis

Front 24

Softening of gray matter in the brain. causes- excess sulfur, prod by rumen,thiamine deficiency, water deprivation (salt poisoning), lead toxicity, amprolium (tx of coccidiosis),feeding highly processed rations, have dorsal medial strabismus (pupils diagonal).

C/S: sawhorse posture,blindness, star gazing, hyper-excitable, causes abortion, during neocropsy wear a mask.

Dx: C/S, underlying disease, histopath

Back 24

Polioencephalomalacia

Front 25

Caused by bacterial listeria monocytogenes

C/S: facial paralysis, head pressing, nystagmus,head tilt, circling

Dx: identification of organism in brain tissue

Tx: start early in disease. Penicillin

Back 25

Listeriosis

Front 26

Occurs in down cattle >6hrs, necrosis of tissue due to decreased blood supplydue sheer weight of the animal, MC affects REAR LIMBS. Causes compression of nerves-inflammation,paralysis of limbs. Animal struggles to rise-fracture pelvis or limb, splaying of hind limbs on attempt torise, damage to muscle/ligaments.

Dx: blood work, elevated AST, CK. Swelling of muscles, paralysis, fever, mastitis , anorexia, pneumonia

Management: get cow up, use slings, hip lifters, float tanks, mechanical hoist.Down cows is MC in DAIRYcows due to slipping on wet floor. 2 causes are injury and disease.

Back 26

Compartment Syndrome

Front 27

Femoral nerve, cannot fix limb during weight bearing. sciatic nerve innervatesmost of the muscle rear limb, limb hangs behind the animal. peripheral nerve-superficial, knuckling offetlock joint. obturator nerve-associated with hip joint-coxofemoral luxations from fall damage nerve,splayed legs. helps to abduct the legs. dystocia can cause this.

Back 27

Peripheral Nerve Lesions

Front 28

Production disease of mosern agriculture, selection of high milking dairy cattle, creates anegative energy balance. onset lactation or 3-6 wks post calving. Primary: late term pregnancy-cowdoesn't eat enough to support fetal growth, peak milk production-cow can't eat enough food to supportmilk production. Secondary: illnesses (off feed) metritis, mastitis, peritonitis. Fats metabolize in the liver,ketones utilized by body for energy.

C/S: loss of appetite followed by decreased milk production, weight loss, nervous form-neurologicalsigns, pica, grooming, tremors, aggression.

Dx: elevated ketones in body. detected in urine, plasma and milk. blood tests- elevated liver enzymes(SDH)-fatty liver

Tx: treat underlying diseases, goal-stop mobilization of fat by increasing availability of glucose to cells.IV-dextrose fluids, provide glucose, pre-cursor molecules-propylene glycol liquid, dexmethasone-sustainblood glucose levels over long period.

Back 28

Bovine Ketosis

Front 29

Hypocalcemia, 50% dairy cows-low Ca levels post calving, late gestation (beef & ewes),inadequate Ca from bones and diet to replace Ca lost to milk. Ca is important for muscle contraction.

C/S: laying down, unable to rise-neck curved in S shape, cold extremities, muscle tremors.

Tx: feeding low Ca diets before calving, oral Ca supplementation post calving & 24 hrs. later. Acutecases-IV Ca.

Back 29

Milk Fever

Front 30

Inflammation of the mammary gland, sub clinical MC form. teat can become infected by feces,bedding, soil and water.

C/S: heat /swelling, MG is hard on palpation, abnormal milk, signs of systemic illness, contagious-spreadby infected mammary gland during milking, milker's hand, towel. streptococcus agalactiae, staph aureusand cornynebacterium bovis.

Dx: Stomatic cell count-macrophages, lymphocytes, epithelial cells, neutrophils these are elevated inmastitis, false elevations. California mastitis test- 2-3 ml milk from each quarter, reagent added-lyses &agglutinations proteins, degree of gelling scored 0-5. MILK CULTURE is the gold standard.

Tx: antibiotic, dry off the cow, cull the cow, re-evaluating control/preventative measures.

Back 30

Mastitis

Front 31

Pink eye-moraxella bovis (bacteria), economic impact. MCeye disease in CATTLE,common in Calves, affects 1 eye-both, likely to see in Herrford breed.Predisposing factors are UV ray damage to cornea, flies, and trauma to cornea from plant awns.

C/S: excess tearing, swelling eyelids, squinting, light sensitivity, corneal edema and ulceration. blindness,scarring, eye rupture.

Tx: systemic antibiotics, fly ear tags, eye patches, keeping grass cut short. Preventatives include vaccmay have variable response.

Back 31

Infectious bovine keratoconjuncivitis (IBK)

Front 32

MC seen in HEIFFERED and FRESIAN cattle. carcass condemnation,production loss, TX and management very costly. solar irradiation. Can affect conjuntiva, third eyelid,lower eyelid, cornea, invade orbit, bone, may involve cervical LN, can metastaasize to thoracic andabdominal organs.

Tx: enucleation, surgical debulking and cryotherapy. chemotherapy-not an option in food animals.

Back 32

Cancer Eye Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Front 33

Bulging of the eye-1 or both, progressive, secondary complication-exposure keratitis.

Back 33

Exophthalmos

Front 34

Bovine leukosis virus-MC in DAIRYcattle. tumor behind the globe of the eye. TX:enucleation, chemo-not option in food animal, most cattle die or euthanized after 6 m after being DX.

Back 34

Lymphosarcoma

Front 35

Chlamydia (C. pecorum), can occur as outbreak, may also see arthritis andabortions, affects both eyes.

Tx: self-limiting, resolves 2-3 wks. systemic antibiotics (oxytetracycline) andtopical tetracycline ophthalmic ointment.

Back 35

Conjunctivitis in Goats

Front 36

Infectious, contagious, dermatitis of the digits-treponema (spirochetes) affects cattle-major cause of lameness in dairy cattle, economic impact. Plantar aspect of hind foot just above heelbulbs and below dew claws. may involve inter digital space. lesions have extra long hairs-foul odor.Predisposing factors, summer/spring confined cattle, transmission via hoof equipment.

Tx: topical antibiotics (oxytetracycline) w/ bandage. prevention-foot baths, disinfection of equipment,examination of new cattle.

Back 36

Hairy Foot Warts

Front 37

Bacteria-fusobacterium necrophorum, very contagious, affects skin ininter digital space, may cause erosion of the cleft, doesn't cause lameness.

Tx: clean, debrid the area

Back 37

Inter digital dermatitis (foot rot)

Front 38

Warts, MC in animals <2yrs or age. caused by papilloma virus, spontaneously regress w/in 3-12 months- if not than shows autoimmune problem. contagious amongst species, can appear inperfectly healthy animals.

Tx: autogenous vaccine, surgical removal and cryotherapy.

Back 38

Papillomas

Front 39

Thisvirus can cause abortion in mares.

Back 39

Rhinopneumonitis

Front 40

Dx: Ovaries & uterus are evaluated by ultrasound, cervix is evaluated by using a vaginalspeculum. Can be performed at 15 days & confirmed at 30-45 days post breeding.

Maintenance: Annual vax should be given 1 m before foaling to boost IgG levels incolostrum. Do not give rabies vax.

Back 40

Mare reproduction/ pregnancy

Front 41

Emergency, blood flow to the foal is compromised. foal is at risk because O2 supply is reduceduntil the membrane has been cut, foal removed and nostrils cleared. Foal can suffer from brain damageif prolonged lack of O2.

Back 41

Red Bag

Front 42

Birth Stages

Back 42

stage 1: restless,pacing, looking for an area to lay down.

stage 2: actualdelivery 20-30 mins if more than 1 hr it's dystocia.

Stage 3: expolsion of the placenta 4-6 hrs normal.

Front 43

Dystocia and things that can cause it.

Back 43

Difficult Birth.

-Over 6 hrs. is retained placenta which is an emergency.

-large size of foal,abnormal position in the birth canal.

Front 44

Normal Birthing Position

Back 44

Front feet first, staggered, followed by the nose

Front 45

PE on foals

Back 45

PE on foals in 24 hrs. blood test should also be performed to screen for failure of passivetransfer. Check MM color, CRT, check for congenital problemscataracts, tendon contraction/laxity, angular limb deformities, under bite/overbite, heart murmurs and angular limbs. Make sure the foal is urinating and meconium (1s feces, yellow in color, sticky) passed.Foal should be nursing q 2 hrs. Check the mare as well TPR, check vulva area, make sure placenta haspassed.

Front 46

Isoerythrolysis

Back 46

Jaundice

Front 47

Valgus

Back 47

Legs slant outwards

Front 48

Varus

Back 48

Legs slant inwards

Front 49

<400 failure of passive transfer, 400-800 partial failure, >800 adequatepassive transfer

Tx: IV equine plasma, repeat IgG test to ensure > 800. Failure of passive transfer can be caused frominadequate immunity or intake by foal due to illness, poor colostrum quality or premature lactation. Thiscan result in septicemia, they can become very ill, and die.

Back 49

Failure of Passive Transfer

Front 50

Foal care and early signs of Illness

Back 50

Wean at 6 m. vacc can be given at this time, boosters required 3-4 wks apart, dewormers start@ 1 m. Early signs of illness would be laying down in same position for hours, decreased nursing,abnormal MM color and fever.