Language Disorders Chap 1-3

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language delay

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the acquistion of mornal language competencies at a slower rate than would be expected given child's chronological age and the level of functioning.

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language Disorder

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A disruption in the learning of language skills and behaviors. It typically included language behaviors that would not be considered part of normally developing linguistic skills.

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Language Difference

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Language behaviors and skills that are not in concert with those of the person's primary speech community or native language.

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Linguistic competence

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The language user's unerlying knowledge about the sstem of rules of the lanuage he or she is using.

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Linguistic Performance

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The utilization of the person's linguistc knowledge in daily communication.

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Nativism

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the capacity to develop language knowledge coming to fruition as the child matures biologically.

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Mentalism

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Often associated with nativism, the mentalism philosophy posits that one's knowledge is derived from innate mental processes.

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Empiricism

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The belief that a child's language is not innate but develops as a result of experiences.

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Behaviorism

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Like empiricism, the belief that a child's language is not innate but develops ehen verbalizations are positively reinforced.

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Transformational Generative Grammar

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A grammar system in which there is a deep structure and surface structure and a set of rules that govern the combining of words.

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Linguistic Universals

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A belief that there are some commonalities and similarities in the form and content of all languages.

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Lanugage Acquistion Device

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The LAD is not a specific structure, but rather a conglomeration of innate capacity of language that governs the input and output of language form.

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Modality

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According to Fillmore, one of two components of sentences that looks at the influence of semantics on grammat, particularly as applied to verb tense, the question form, and negation.

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Proposition

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According to Fillmore, the second component of a sentence that regulates the relationship be/t nouns and verbs.

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Cognitive determinism

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The belief that cognition relies on language for a child to understand his experiences; the child's knowledge of the world expressed through his language, with meaning preceding form.

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Sociolinguistics

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The study of social and cultural influences on language structures.

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Propositional force

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The literal meaning of a sentence.

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Illocutionary force

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The intention of a speech act.

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Mean Length Utterance

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Teh averange length of a sample of utterances spoken by an individual.

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Metathesis

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The reversal of the postion of two sounds in a word. Ex. aks for ask.

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Semantics

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The knowledge and ideas a person has about the objects and events in the world that make up the content of language.

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Language is a fundamental way of representing experience.

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Therefore, experiences are needed for language development and enhancement.

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Phonology

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The distribution and sequencing or organization of phonemes within a language.

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Syntax

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Appropriate, rule based ordering of words in connected discourse.

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Morphology

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Uits of meaning that make up the grammar of language by modifying meaning at the word level.

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Pragmatics

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The social use and fuctions of language for communication.

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Jargon

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Utterances made of correctly articulated nonsense words with appropriate prosody.

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Metalinguistics

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Skills that form the basis for effective pragmatic skills by allowing the interpretation of language.

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Pragmatic Deficits

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Appear as difficulty maintaining a topic, or lack of communication despite relatively normal use of speech sounds, morphology and syntax.

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Sterotypic speech

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The unintentional use of a real or invented word or phrase that has little meaning.

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Speech Community

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A group of people who routinely and frequently use a shared language to interact with each other.

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Dialect

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Systematic, patterned, rule-governed variations in a language.

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Culture

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the philosophies, ideas, arts, and customs of a group of people that are passed from one generation to the next.

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Ethnography

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The study of language use fof communicative purposes, considering social and cultural factors.

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Dialectal Variations

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1. race/ethnicity 2.social class, education, occupation 3.region of country 4. situation or context 5. peer group association and identification 6. first language community or culture 7. gender

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Topic-Centered narrative

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A tightly structured discourse on a single topic or a series of closely related topics and events.

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Topic-Associated narrative

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A series of narratives linked to a topic with no particular theme or point to the narrative.

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Cross-cultural studies suggest that...

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early semantic rules are universal.

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Sociolingusitics is defined as the study of....

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social and cultural influences on language structure.

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Mentalism and Nativism

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Support the nature philosophy of language development.

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Set of Red Flags that most typically denote a disruption of content/semantics.

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Slow acquisition of first words, slow in understanding temporal and spatial relationships, lack of understanding of antonyms and synonyms.

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Incomplete development of content could be described as...

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cocktail party speech, where subjects are not fully developed just touch upon

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A child who has knowledge and ideas about events and objects, can communicate ideas, but often uses gestures be/c he has difficulty learning conventional codes for expressive language has a disruption in...

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Form

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T/F Plante and Beeson define late talkers as children be/t the ages of 16-30 mo. whose language skills fall below 80% of the age peers.

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False

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T/F Topic centered narratives are tradtional in countries where stories are told orally but usually not written down.

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False

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T/F Students who exhibit a language difference are considered to be language disordered.

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False

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T/F Use of limited functions of language would be indicative of pragmatic disorder.

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True

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ASHA language disorder definition

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abnormal acquistion, comprehension, or expression of spoken or written language. The disorder may involve all, one, or some of the phonologic, morphologic, semantic, syntactic, or pragmatic components of the linguistic system. Individuals with language disorders frequently have problems in sentence processing or in abstracting information meaningfully for storage and retrival from short to long term memory.

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Cognition

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the process of thinging, using info gained through perception, memory, discrimination, judgement, and other thought processes.

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Etiology

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Causative factors that lead to a developmental delay disorder.

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Genetic

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The denoting of specific characteristics or traits passed from one generation to the next.

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Chromosomal disorder

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A disorder in the structure or number of chromosomes, or both.

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Glossoptosis

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Displacement of the tongue into the downward position

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Micrognathia

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A very small lower jaw that is frequently paired with a recessed chin

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Dysplasia

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Abnormal tissue development

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Prognathism

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Abnormal facial construction in which the upper and/lower jaws project forward.

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Hypotonia

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Abnormally low muscle tone that is somtimes referred to as anthetosis

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Conductive hearing loss

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A breakdown in the ability of the middle ear to receive the acoustic signals from the environment and then transmits the acoustical info to the inner ear

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Grammatic closure

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the ability to determine the missing elements in a sentence.

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Auditory sequential memory

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The ability to remember sounds, words, phrases, and sentences in a specified sequence.

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Echolalia

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The unintentional repetition of words spoken by others

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Perseveration

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Unintentional repetivie movements or vocalizations.

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Exorbitism

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Bulging of the eyes beyond the socket of the orbit.

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Hypertelorism

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Wide placemnt of the entire bony orbit surrounding the eye.

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Craniosynostosis

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Premature fusion of the bones of the cranium.

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Sensorineural hearing loss

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hearing loss due to malfunctioning of either the inner ear, or due to damage to the acoustic nerve.

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Peripheral hearing loss

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Conductive hearing losses and losses related to malfuction of the inner ear

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Central deafness

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damage to the eightnerve, in the brain stem, or in the cortex

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prelingual hearing loss

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the acquistion of a hearing loss prior to the development of speech and language

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Postlingual hearing loss

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The acquistion of a hearing loss after the development of speech and lanugage

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Otitis media

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Inflammation in the middle ear

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Otitis Media with Effusion

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Inflammation of the middle ear accompanied by the accumulation of infected fluid.

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Auditory perception

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The ability to hear specific environmental and speech sounds

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Auditory discrimination

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The ability to identify specific sounds by their source and/ or acoustical properties.

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Auditory memory

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The ability to remember sounds in ther proper sequence

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Auditory processing

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A set of skills including auditory discrimination, auditory analysis, auditory attention, and auditory memory that integrate what is heard with language

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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The use of large electromagnets that manipulate the spin of the hydrogen molecules to differentiate be/t white matter (neurons and processes) and gray matter( nerve fibers_

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Meningitis

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An inflammation of the meninges lining the brain and/or spinal column

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An etiological classification of language disorders is...

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Often used when it is necessary to "lable" a child for educational placement and is based on defining a language disprder in terms of causative factors.

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lack of normal responsivitity, failure to use objects functionally, and abnormal fixations on inanimate objects are characterisitc of ....

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being autistic.

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Growth retardation, central nervous system deficits and facial anomalies are signs of

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fetal alcohol syndrome

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The number one cause of congenital hearing loss, as well as brain damage, in babies who become infected during childhood (prenatally or postnatally) is....

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Cytomegalovirus

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T/F the primary etiological factors for children who are mildly to moderately cgnitively challenged are environmental and cultural deprivation, familial patterns and/ or nutritional deficits.

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True

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T/F In Robin deformation sequence, the problems are intrinsic to the baby.

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False

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T/F Children with velo-cardio-facial syndrome usually have a mild language delay but typically catch up with their peers by 36-48 mo of age.

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True

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T/F A sequence is defined by Shprintzen as "the presence of multiple anomalies in the same individual with all of those anomalies having a single cause."

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False

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T/F In children with Down Syndrome, expressive language is usually more intact than receptive language.

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False

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T/F All children with cerebral palsy have some type of language deficit.

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False

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Assessment process

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the process of interviewing, observing, and testing an individual to determine the nature, extent, and severity of his or her language disoprder, delay, or difference.

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Task Analysis

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The breaking down of a task into small steps that must be accomplished individually before the whole task can be completed.

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Functional outcome

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Terminolgy coined to define environmentally based results of therapy that can be generalized to the patient's natural settings

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Baseline

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The preintervention measurement of a patient's skills

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Standardized test

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a test that has been evaluated using a sample of people that represents a broad cross section of cultural groups. Standardized test offer norms that allow a comparison of a child's performance on a test with those in the standardization sample.

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Validity

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Teh degree to which a test measures what it is designed to measure and how well it does so

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Content Validity

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A systematic exam of the relevance of the responses given to the test items in order to ascertain how well the test covers a representative sample of the skills to be assessed.

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Face Validity

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How well test items represent what they claim to test

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Criterion-related validity

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How efetively a test predicts an individual's behavior or abilities, or both in specific situations.

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Construct validity

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The degree to which a test measures a theoretical construct or trait.

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Reliability

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The consistency of a test in measuring what it claims to measure in the same individual on reexamination

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Correlation coefficient

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A number that represents the degree of the relationship be/t two sets of scores.

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Test-retest reliability

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Evaluating the reliability of a test by having a child take the same test on 2 separate occasions (nomrally 6 mo apart)and comparing the child's performance on each test

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Alternate-form reliability

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Evaluating the reliability of a test by having the child take 2 differnt forms of the same test, then comparing the child's performance on each form.

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Identification tasks

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tasks in which the child is asked to identify a pricture or object that is named by the clinician

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Acting-out tasks

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Tasks in which the clinician offers a set of instructions on what the child must complete, teh clinician needs to ascertain that the child is truly responding to the examiner's questions and not performing tasks that he or she knows due to real-world familiarity with the item

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Judgement tasks

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Task tha require the child to make a determination of the accuracy or reasonableness of a statement made by the clinician

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Screening

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The administration of short tests in order to determine if a child's language is w/n normal limits or if she/she needs to be referred for a complete diagnostic process

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Standard Score

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A score obtained by converting the raw score to a weighted raw socre which takes into account the average score and the variability of scores of children that age.

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Standard Deviation

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A statistical measurement used to document the disparity be/t a person's test score and the mean.

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Presymbolic language

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Teh stage of communication that preceded the use of gestures, words and actions to denote specific language concepts or words.

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Criterion-referenced test

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A nonstandardized probe used to study a lanugage construct in more depth thant is normally assosciated with standardized test

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Percentile scores

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The percentage of individuals in the standardization sample for an age level who scored below a predetermined raw score.

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Clinical Facts

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Statements made about events that actually took place and were observed or measured directly by the clinician

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Clinical Assumptions

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What clinicians judge to be true, although they may not observe or measure attributes related to these events directly.

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Receptive task tests....

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identification task, acting out, judgement task

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Judgement test are well suited and easy for children below 4 years of age

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The statement is false.

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What type of validity is addressed by the question" How well will Jim learn in the future?"

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Criterion-related predictive

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The assessment domain which evaluates a child's ability to use foresight in simple problem solving is....

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Means-end

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Set of developmental checklists

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the REEL, the Uzgiris and Hunt, ad the Symbolic Play Scale

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T/F Idenitfication tasks are especially useful for assessing pragmatics.

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False

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T/F Syntax should be assessed expressively and receptively since comprehension of form precedes production.

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False

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T/F When assessing children who are largely at the single-word level, a analysis of presyntactic devices such as transitional elements and an analysis of lexical production should be done.

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True

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T/F By definition, a standardized test is a valid test for all cultural groups.

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False

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T/F During the constituent analysis phase of the diagnostic process, the clinician determines the meaning of the results and supports or rejects the hypothesis.

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False