Lab Exam 1 Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

The centermost region, which includes the umbilicus

Back 1

Umbilical

Front 2

Immediately superior to the umbilical region; overlies most of stomach

Back 2

Epigastric region

Front 3

Immediately inferior to the umbilical region; encompasses the pubic area

Back 3

Hypogastric (pubic) region

Front 4

Lateral to the hypogastric region and overlying the superior parts of the hip bones

Back 4

Iliac (inguinal) regions

Front 5

Between the ribs and the flaring portions of the hip bones; lateral to the umbilical region

Back 5

Lumbar regions

Front 6

The basic unit or building block of all living things is the..

Back 6

Cell

Front 7

A ___ is a group of cells that are similar in structure and function.

Back 7

Tissue

Front 8

An ____ is a structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body. For ex: the small intestine which digests and absorbs nutrients, is composed of all four tissue types.

Back 8

Organ

Front 9

An ____ ____ is a group of organs that act together to perform a particular body function

Back 9

Organ System

Front 10

Supports the microscope

Back 10

Base

Front 11

Light passes directly upward through the microscope. Located in the base.

Back 11

Substage light

Front 12

The platform the slide rests on while being viewed.

Back 12

Stage

Front 13

Small substage lens that concentrates the light on the specimen. The ..... may have a rack and pinion knob that raises and lowers the condenser to vary light delivery

Back 13

Condenser

Front 14

Arm attached to the base of the condensor that regulates the amount of light passing throught the condensor. the ..... ....... permits the best possible contrast when viewing the specimen

Back 14

Iris diaphragm lever

Front 15

Used to focus on the specimen

Back 15

Coarse adjustment knob

Front 16

Used for precise focusing once coarse focusing has been completed.

Back 16

Fine adjustment knob

Front 17

Supports the objective lens system and the ocular lens

Back 17

Head

Front 18

Vertical portion of the microscope connecting the base and head.

Back 18

Arm

Front 19

An ocular lense has the magnification of ___

Back 19

10x

Front 20

Rotating mechanism at the base of the head. Generally carries three or four objective lenses and permits sequential positioning of these lenses over the light beam passing through the hole in the stage.

Back 20

Nosepiece

Front 21

The ____ lens has a magnification between 4x and 5x

Back 21

Scanning

Front 22

The _____ lens has a magnification of 10x

Back 22

Low power

Front 23

The ____ objective lens has a magnification range form 40x to 50x

Back 23

High power

Front 24

The ___ image is projected to the ocular.

Back 24

Real

Front 25

This real image is magnified by the ocular lens to produce the ____ image seen by your eye.

Back 25

Virtual

Front 26

Any specimen being viewed is equal to the power of the ocular lens mutipied by the power of the objective lens used. Ex: If the ocular lens magnifies 10x and the objective lens being used magnifies 45x the ___ ____ is 450x

Back 26

Total Magnification

Front 27

The ability to discriminate two close objects as separate

Back 27

Resolution

Front 28

The area you see through is the...

Back 28

Field

Front 29

How far the bottom of the objective lens is from the specimen

Back 29

Working Distance

Front 30

Today most good lab microscopes are ____ that is, the slide hsould be in focus at the higher mag once you have properly focused

Back 30

Parfocal

Front 31

The specimen clearly in focus is geater at lower magnifations

Back 31

Depth of field

Front 32

In preparing a wet mount you use...

Back 32

Physiological Saline, iodine, or methylene blue.

Front 33

When the cell is not dividing, the genetic material is loosely dispersed throughout the nucleus in a threadlike form called ____

Back 33

Chromatin

Front 34

When the cell is in the process of dividing to form daughter cells, the chromatin coils and condenses, forming dense, darkly staining rodlike bodies called ____

Back 34

Chromosomes

Front 35

The nucleus also contains one or more small round bodies called ____ composed primaily of proteins and RNA

Back 35

Nucleoli

Front 36

The nucleus is bound by double-layered porous membrane called the ____ ____

Back 36

Nuclear Envelope

Front 37

The nuclear envelope is distinguished by its large ___ ___. Although they are spanned by diaphragms, these pores permit easy passage of protein and RNA molecules.

Back 37

Nuclear Pores

Front 38

The ___ ___ separates the cell contents from the surrounding evironment. Its main structural building blocks are phospolipids and globular protein molecules,

Back 38

Plasma Membrane

Front 39

Metabolic machinery of the cell

Back 39

Organelles

Front 40

___, are densely staining, roughly spherical bodies composed of RNA and protein. They are actual sites of protein sythesis. They are seen floating free in the cytoplasm or attached to a membranous structure.

Back 40

Ribosomes

Front 41

The ___ ____ is a highly folded system of membranous tubules and cisternae that extends throughout the cytoplasm. The __ is continuous with the nuclear envelope. Thus, it is assumed that the __ provides a system of channels for the transport of cellular substances (proteins) from one part of the cell to the other.

Back 41

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Front 42

___ ___ is studded with ribosomes. Its cisternae modify and store the newly formed proteins and dispatch them to other areas of the cell.

Back 42

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Front 43

The ___ ___ does not participate in protein synthesis but is preseint in conspicuous amounts in cells that produce steroid-based hormones. It is very active in lipid metabolism.

Back 43

Smooth E.R

Front 44

The ___ ____ is a stack of flattened sacs with bulbous ends that is generally found close to the nucleus. Within its cisternae, the proteins delivered to it by transport vesicles from the rough ER are modified and packaged into membranous vesicles that ultimately (1) are incorporated into the plasma membrane, (2) become secretory vesicles that release their contents from the cell, or (3) become lysosomes.

Back 44

Golgi Apparatus

Front 45

Various-sized membranous sacs containgin degestive enzymes; funtion to digest worn-out cell organelles and foreign substances that enter the cell; have the capacity of total cell destruction if ruptured.

Back 45

Lysosomes

Front 46

Small lysosome-like membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals.

Back 46

Peroxisomes

Front 47

Generally rod shaped bodies with a double-membrane wall; inner membrane is thrown into folds, or cristae; contain enzymes that oxidize foodstuffs to produce cellullar energy (ATP); powerhouse of the cell! has its own DNA

Back 47

Mitochondria

Front 48

____ elements ramify throughout the cytoplasm, forming an internal scaffolding ccalled the ____ that supports and moves substanceswithin the cell.

Back 48

Cytoskeleton

Front 49

The ____ are slender tubules formed of proteins called tubulins.

Back 49

Microtubules

Front 50

____ ____ are stable proteinaceous cytoskeltal ements that act as internal guy wires to resist mechanical (pulling) forces acting on cells

Back 50

Intermediate Filaments

Front 51

ribbon or cordlike elements, are formed of contractile proteins, primarily actin.

Back 51

Microfilaments

Front 52

The paired ___ lie close to the nucleus in all animal cells capable of reproducing themselves. They are rod shaped bodies that lie at right angles to each other.

Back 52

Centrioles

Front 53

Each ___ is composed of nine triplets of microtubules.

Back 53

Centrioles

Front 54

During cell division, the ___ direct the formation of the mitotic spindle.

Back 54

Centrioles

Front 55

____ form the cell projections called cilia and flagella, and in that role are called basal bodies.

Back 55

Centrioles

Front 56

Stored food, pigment granules, crystals, and ingested foreign materials are not part of the active metabolic machinery of the cell and are therefore called ___

Back 56

Inclusions

Front 57

The longer period during which the cell grows and carries out its usual activities.

Back 57

Interphase

Front 58

When the cell reproduces itself by dividing.

Back 58

Cell Division

Front 59

___ is nuclear division

Back 59

Mitosis

Front 60

____ is the division of the cytoplasm, which begins after mitosis is nearly complete.

Back 60

Cytokinesis

Front 61

The product of ___ is two daughter nuclei that are genetically identical to the mother nucleus.

Back 61

Mitosis

Front 62

A specialized type of nuclear division that occurs only in the reproductive organs.

Back 62

Meiosis

Front 63

____, which yeilds 4 daughter nuclei that differ genetically in composition from the mother nucleus, is used only for the production of gametes for sexual reproduction.

Back 63

Meiosis

Front 64

The funtion of cell division, including ____ & ____ in the body, is to increase the number of cells for growth and repair while maintaining their genetic heritage.

Back 64

Mitosis & Cytokinesis

Front 65

____: At the onset of cell division, the chromatin threads coil and shorten to form densely staining, short, barlike chromosomes.

Back 65

Prophase

Front 66

The phases of mitosis are?

Back 66

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Front 67

*Cleavage furrow formed in late anaphase by contractile ring

Back 67

Cytokinesis

Front 68

Cytoplasm is pinched into two parts after mitosis ends

Back 68

Cytokinesis

Front 69

*Asters are seen as chromatin condenses into chromosomes
* Nucleoli disappear
*Centriole pairs separate and the mitotic spindle is formed

Back 69

Early and Late Prophase

Front 70

*Chromosomes cluster at the middle of the cell with their centromeres aligned at the exact center, or equator, of the cell.

Back 70

Metaphase

Front 71

This arrangement of chromosomes along a plane midway between the poles is called the _____ plate

Back 71

Metaphase

Front 72

*Centromeres of the chromosomes split
*Motor proteins in kinetochres pull chromosomes toward poles.

Back 72

Anaphase

Front 73

*New sets of chromosomes extend into chromatin
*New nuclear membrane is formed from the rough ER
*Generally ____ completes cell division

Back 73

Telophase and Cytokinesis

Front 74

Cell proteins and other substances are kept within the cell, and wastes pass to the exterior. This is known as ____ or ____ ____

Back 74

Differential, or selective, permeability

Front 75

In ___ ___ the cell provides energy (ATP) to power the transport process.

Back 75

Active processes

Front 76

Two important passive processes of membrane transport are ___ & ___.

Back 76

Diffusion & Filtration

Front 77

____ is an important transport process for every cell in the body.

Back 77

Diffusion

Front 78

____ usually occurs only across capillry walls.

Back 78

Filtration

Front 79

The random motion of small particles suspended in water can be observed. This is called the ___ ___.

Back 79

Brownian Movement

Front 80

When ___ ___ exists, the net effect of this random molecular movement is that the molecules eventually become evenly distributed throughout the environment.

Back 80

Concentration Gradient

Front 81

___ is the movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Its driving force is the kinetic energy of the molecules themselves.

Back 81

Diffusion

Front 82

___ ____ - nonpolar and lipid-soluble substances
* Diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer
* Diffuse through channel proteins

Back 82

Simple diffusion

Front 83

The diffusion of solutes (particles dissolved in water) through a differentially permeable membrane is called ___ ___

Back 83

Simple Diffusion

Front 84

___ ___
* Transport of glucose, amino acids, and ions
* Transported substances bind carrier proteins or pass through protein channels.

Back 84

Facilitated Diffusion

Front 85

The transported substance either (1) binds to protein carriers in the membrane and is ferried across or (2) moves through water-filled protein channels.

Back 85

Facilitated Diffusion

Front 86

___ ___ the substance moves down its concentration gradient

Back 86

Simple diffusion

Front 87

A solution surrounding a cell is ____ if it contains more nonpenetrating solut particles than the interior of the cell.

Back 87

Hypertonic

Front 88

Water moves from the interior of the cell into a surrounding hypertonic solution by ___

Back 88

Osmosis

Front 89

A solution surrounding a cell is ____ if it contains fewer nonpenetrating soute particles than the interior of the cell.

Back 89

Hypotonic

Front 90

Red blood cell suspended in an ___ solution, where the cells retain their normal size and shape.

Back 90

Isotonic

Front 91

RBC suspended in ___ solution, as the cells lose water to the external environment they shrink and become prickly.

Back 91

Hypertonic

Front 92

___ means that cells have shrunk and become prickly

Back 92

Crenation

Front 93

RBC's suspended in a ___ solution, notice thier spherical bloated shape, a result of excessive water intake.

Back 93

Hypotonic

Front 94

____ is what happens when the cell swells and bursts

Back 94

Hemolysis

Front 95

___ is a passive process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure.

Back 95

Filtration

Front 96

Whenever a cell uses the bond energy of ATP to move substances across its boundaries, the process is an ___ ___

Back 96

Active Process

Front 97

___ ____ requires carrier proteins that combine specifically with the transported substance.

Back 97

Active Transport

Front 98

*Uses ATP to move solutes across a membrane
* Requires carrier proteins

Back 98

Active Transport

Front 99

When cell must move materials in an opposite direction--against a concentration gradient. It requires energy

Back 99

Active Transport

Front 100

TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT
-two substances are moved across a membrane in the same direction

Back 100

Symport System

Front 101

TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANS
- Two substances are moved across a membrane in opposite directions.

Back 101

Antiport System

Front 102

TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANS
- Hydroloysis of ATP phosphorylates the transport protein causing conformational change.

Back 102

Primary active Transport

Front 103

TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANS
- use of an exchange pump (such as the Na+ -K pump) indirectly to drive the transport of other solutes.

Back 103

Secondary active transport

Front 104

Transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes.

Back 104

Vesicular Transport

Front 105

____ - moves substance from the cell interior to the extracellular space.

Back 105

Exocytosis

Front 106

___ - enables large particles and macromolecules to enter the cell.

Back 106

Endocytosis

Front 107

____- Moving substances into, across, and then out of a cell

Back 107

Transcytosis

Front 108

___ ___- Moving substances from one area in the cell to another.

Back 108

Vesicular Trafficking

Front 109

_____- pseudopods engulf solids and bring them into the cells interior

Back 109

Phagocytosis

Front 110

__ ___ ____- the plasma membrane infolds, bringing extracellular fluid and solutes into the interior of the cell

Back 110

Fluid-phase endocytosis

Front 111

___ ___ ____- clathrin-coated pits provide the main route for endocytosis and transcytosis

Back 111

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Front 112

__ ___ ___ ____- caveolae that are platforms for a variety of signaling molecules.

Back 112

Non-clathrin-coated vesicles