K Biology Chapter 36

Front 1

What forms the skeletal system?

Back 1

bones and other connective tissue

Front 2

List the functions of the skeletal system.

Back 2

supports body
protects internal organs
provides movement
stores mineral reserves
provides site for blood cell formation

Front 3

Most bones act like _______ on which muscles act to produce movement.

Back 3

levers

Front 4

There are ______ bones in the human skeleton.

Back 4

206

Front 5

The human skeletal system is divided into the ____________ and _____________.

Back 5

axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton

Front 6

Which skeletal system contains the skull, ribs, vertebral columns?

Back 6

axial

Front 7

Which skeletal system contains arms/legs, shoulders, pelvis?

Back 7

appendicular

Front 8

What is the general function of the axial skeleton?

Back 8

supports the central axis

Front 9

The two minerals that make up most of the mass of bone are _____________ and _____________.

Back 9

calcium
phosphorus

Front 10

Bones are living ________.

Back 10

tissue

Front 11

_________ is the tough layer of connective tissue surrounding the bone.

Back 11

periosteum

Front 12

________ is the thick layer of dense bone beneath the periosteum.

Back 12

compact bone

Front 13

The ________ is the network of tubes that run through bone.

Back 13

haversian canals

Front 14

The bone with a latticework structure is ____________.

Back 14

spongy bone

Front 15

Soft tissue contained in bone cavities are _____________.

Back 15

bone marrow

Front 16

Cells that produce bone are called ____________.

Back 16

osteocytes

Front 17

The skeleton of an embryo is composed almost entirely of a type of connective tissue called ______________.

Back 17

cartilage

Front 18

The network of fibers in cartilage is made from two proteins called _________ and __________.

Back 18

collagen and elastin

Front 19

Cartilage is dense and fibrous and extremely _____________.

Back 19

flexible

Front 20

Cartilage is replaced by bone during the process of bone formation called ______________.

Back 20

ossification

Front 21

By adulthood, all the cartilage in the body has been replaced by ___________.

Back 21

bone

Front 22

What is a joint?

Back 22

a place where one bone attaches to another bone

Front 23

List the three classifications of joints, based on their types of movements.

Back 23

immovable
slightly movable
freely movable

Front 24

What are examples of immovable joints?

Back 24

bones in skull

Front 25

The joints between the two bones of the lower leg are _____________ joints.

Back 25

slightly movable

Front 26

__________ joints permit the widest range of movement.

Back 26

ball-and-socket

Front 27

_________ protects the ends of bones as they move against each other at joints.

Back 27

cartilage

Front 28

What holds bones together at joints?

Back 28

ligaments

Front 29

Inflammation of a bursa is called _________.

Back 29

bursitis

Front 30

A serious disorder that involves inflammation of one or more joints is called __________.

Back 30

arthritis

Front 31

List the three different types of muscle tissue.

Back 31

skeletal smooth cardiac

Front 32

Skeletal muscles are usually attached to _________.

Back 32

bones

Front 33

Skeletal muscles have ____________, are consciously controlled by the _______________, and their cells are long and slender.

Back 33

striations
central nervous system

Front 34

Smooth muscle cells are _________shaped, can function without direct ________ stimulation, and are connected by ____________.

Back 34

spindle
nervous
gap junctions

Front 35

The movement of food through the digestive tract is called __________.

Back 35

parastalis

Front 36

What are the three functions of smooth muscles?

Back 36

move food through the digestive tract, control blood flow, and decrease the size of pupils

Front 37

Put in order of largest to smallest.
myofibrils, msucle fibers, filaments:

Back 37

muscle fibers
myofibrils
filaments

Front 38

What protein is contained in the thick filament?

Back 38

myosin

Front 39

What protein is contained in the thin filament?

Back 39

actin

Front 40

The filaments are arranged in the muscle fiber in units called ____________.

Back 40

sarcomeres

Front 41

How does a muscle contract according to the sliding-filament model of muscle contraction?

Back 41

when the thin filament slides over the thick filaments

Front 42

The energy for muscle contraction is supplied by _______.

Back 42

ATP

Front 43

Impulses from motor neurons control the contraction of _________ muscles.

Back 43

skeletal

Front 44

The point of contact between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell is a ______________.

Back 44

neurotransmitter junction

Front 45

What terminates a muscle contraction?

Back 45

until the release of acetylcholine stops and enzymes destroy any acetylcholine

Front 46

A single motor neuron can form synapses with many ______ cells.

Back 46

muscle

Front 47

What is the difference between a strong contraction and a weak muscle contraction?

Back 47

a weak muscle contraction stimulates less cells and releases acetylcholine

Front 48

Individual muscles can pull in only one direction. TRUE/FALSE?

Back 48

true

Front 49

The tough connective tissue joining skeletal muscle to bone is called a ____________.

Back 49

tendon

Front 50

If bones are like levers, what are the fulcrums?

Back 50

joint functions

Front 51

What does it mean for muscles to work in opposing pairs?

Back 51

when one muscle contracts the other relaxes

Front 52

Why is regular exercise important?

Back 52

maintaining muscular strength and flexibility

Front 53

The skin, cartilage, and nails are part of the __________ system.

Back 53

integumentary

Front 54

The most important function of skin is _____________.

Back 54

protection

Front 55

List the four functions of the integumentary system.

Back 55

serves as a barrier from infection and injury
helps to regulate body temperature
removes waste
provides protection against ultraviolet radiation

Front 56

The largest component of the integumentary system is the ________.

Back 56

skin

Front 57

The outer layer of skin is called the _________.

Back 57

epidermis

Front 58

______ is a tough fibrous protein.

Back 58

keratin

Front 59

_______ is a dark brown pigment.

Back 59

melanin

Front 60

The ________ is the inner layer of skin.

Back 60

dermis

Front 61

____________ are cells that produce melanin.

Back 61

melanocytes

Front 62

The epidermis does not contain _________.

Back 62

blood vessels

Front 63

How does the dermis help regulate body temperature?

Back 63

the blood vessels in the dermis narrow to limit heat loss or widen to increase heat loss.

Front 64

List the two types of glands contained in the dermis.

Back 64

sweat
sebaceous

Front 65

How does sweat help keep you cool?

Back 65

when it evaporates, it takes heat away from the body

Front 66

What is the function of sebum?

Back 66

helps keep the epidermis flexible and waterproof

Front 67

The basic structures of human hair and nails is called ____.

Back 67

keratin

Front 68

List the two functions of head hair.

Back 68

protects scalp form ultraviolet rays
provides insulation

Front 69

How does hair in the nose and ears and around the eyes help protect the body?

Back 69

prevent dirt from entering body

Front 70

Hair is produced in _______.

Back 70

hair follicles

Front 71

What causes hair to grow?

Back 71

rapid cell growth at the base of the hair follicle

Front 72

What is the nail root?

Back 72

an area where nail grows due to rapidly dividing cells