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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was Jazz called when it first began?
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Jass, because jazz was played in brothels. Jass meant to have sex w a prostitute.
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As an early jazz musicians, where would your gigs have been?
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brothels and bars
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Was virtuosity important in early jazz?
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yes, first and foremost
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When did jass become known as Jazz?
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1917
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Was jazz just a style of music when it started out?
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no, it was part of a lifestyle and culture.
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Where did jazz emerge from?
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New Orleans
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What cultures and musical traditions were predominantly in New Orleans when Jazz started?
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French Colonial Operatic music tradition (influenced Armstrong), Caribbean (especially cuba).
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What musical styles did jazz emerge form?
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Jazz came out of hte mixing of cultures in New Orleans
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How can we surmise how jazz sounded before 1888 when recording began?
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from written accounts
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IF musicians wanted to make money, what types of gigs did htey have to take?
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birthday parties, ethnic-themed weddings (which broadened their repertoire, cause they had to know how to play for lots of different types of cultural events, i.e. spanish wedding, etc.)
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When was jazz first taught at Columbia?
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1992
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What does creole mean?
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mixture, mixing of cultures
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which new orleans inividuals were most innovative when jazz was starting?
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creole and african american musicians
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What was the first recorded jazz band and what was their race?
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Dixieland jazz band, were all white (because white people had better access to recording)
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What instruments made up the first jazz bands?
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Clarinet, Trombone, Trumpet, Drums, and Piano
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why were wind instruments prominent in early jazz bands?
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could get very loud, before time of amplifiers, especially trumpet and clarinet. Also were prominent marching band instruments which were used in war, so many musicians were school in them.
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Where was the drum invented and what is it?
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it was invented in the USA, an amalgamation of different marching band elements: Combination of bass drum, cymbals associated w middle eastern/asian culture, cowbell was used on plantations and couldn’t use drums. Drums are a language. Lots of musicians turned cowbells on plantation into drums.
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which melodies (tone wise) travel the farthest?
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highest, i.e. trumpet, which is why bugles were used to signal in the military
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what rising trend did early jazz capitalize on?
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exoticism
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Why was the dixieland jazz band palatable to white audiences?
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less threatening
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Where live music shows segregated before the 1930s?
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yes
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When jazz began, could it make more money in the US or Europe?
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Europe
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What were early influences of jazz?
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Work songs nad field hollers, the blues (– emerges roughly same time, maybe earlier, than jazz. Same definition that goes for Jazz (above) same for the blues – a culture, aesthetic, language, etc. It’s a form, way of structuring music (ABA, etc). A standard. Ex. Sonata form, Rondo form, Fugue, Theme and Variations, 12-Bar Blues Form. So blues is a form, but also an aesthetic), Brass bands (for their instrumentation), Ragtime (piano in bourdellos, concert music (1st), Mass Media (birth of radio/record), Harlem Renaissance (what was happening intellectually)
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What form is twelve bar blues?
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II: I IV I I
IV IV I I V IV I V :II |
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What chords are used in 12 bar blues?
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Tonic is the home base, dominant 7 chord is 5th degree of that scale
Flat 7 is the blue note, puts tension in the chord |
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Are blues songs performed similarly every time or differently?
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be performed basically the same way every time, a bit of improv, but pretty much played the same every time, unlike jazz.
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What is twelve bar blues?
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Basic 12 bar blues is the structure on top of which musicians tell a story and build
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What is ragtime?
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: First style of music associated with African American culture that was not improvisational, it was all notated. Merges classical music with jazz with music that was played in brothels. Called ragtime bc of “raggedy” rhythm. Horn and high parts in right part, groove in the left. Syncopation was the key, it was dance music.
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how did ragtime gets its name?
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Ragtime derived of popular music of day done in raggedy style. The loose metering of time employed in the style was often called raggedy by listeners, therefore they described the music as being in ragtime.
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Who were early ragtime's most popular names?
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Joseph Lamb, James Scott, Scott Joplin (famous, too, because of Redford’s movie The Sting).
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What is a test piece?
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a difficult piece of music that a young musician might play to prove his ability and let people know he/she has a arrived as a person on the scene.
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What form is The Rondo?
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• (ABACD, or AA|BB|CC|AA|DD)
• 16 bar form |
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What is a key component of live performance that sparks a connection?
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face-to-face performance, more intimate, conducive to community building.
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Why does analysis work against erotic social function of music
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o it is private and to connect, it must be mediated
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Does music itself reward analysis?
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yes
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How do recordings/radio help artists but hurt community?
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- - Radio stations have served to
o Advertize an artists new and old recordings, thereby giving them royalties o Popularizes musicians and bands thereby maintaining or increasing their value on the performance circuit - Recordings have potential for maximum profit per performance - Recording loses much of the sense that each performance of the song will be different o Cements one arrangement of the song o Sets an expectation for how it should be played making it harder to improvise heavily in live performances with a positive response - Overdubbing in recording means that performers in jazz don’t even need to be in the same room or the same place at the same time to play on the same track - Recording voids the social interaction in live performance o No audience o No band playing together |
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how does recording give a performer authority?
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o Acquires significance as a message targeted at millions of anonymous potential listeners
o The absence of musicians during the playback of recordings sets them apart socially, for they are unavailable for social interaction with ordinary listeners. Instead, they are defined as a special class of people with social access to one another, but to whom the general public may not communicate. o The availability of the recorded performance in commodity form testifies that someone with some degree of control over the technological media of sound reproduction has already evaluated the performance and deemed it worthy of recording and distribution o The performance carries a price tag: it is not just a valued utterance, but one worthy of financial sacrifice on the part of the consumer. o It is primarily recorded artists whose activities are recorded by historians, ethnomusicologists and journalists and thus are understood and represented as bearers of the jazz tradition |
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is recording good for local jazz?
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no, it makes it less local and more ubiquitous, makes for fewer jazz clubs, makes live music seem less special since it is so easily accessed.
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How does butterfield think we can use analysis without diluting the jazz community?
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- Butterfield asks, how to use analysis without dissolving jazz’s social element?
o His answer: Music theory can best promote the integrative social function of jzz by developing practical tools for the real-time analysis of music in the context of live performance events. The specific goal of such analysis would be to reinvigorate the social life of musical events by cultivating strategies for cognitive and social involvement. o Use analysis to make students more active listeners and audience members, then ultimately, more active members of the community |
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DId King Porter's Stomp catch on right away?
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no, only became a bit hit when it was translated into an orchestra formatted. Originally considered out of date
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Who was king oliver?
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Led a more traditional jazz group King Oliver’s Creole Jazz Band, which included Baby Dodds, Honore Dutrey, Bill Johnson, Louis Armstrong, Johnny Dodds, Lil Hardin-Armstrong, and King Oliver.
In 1920s, piano was gendered female – was in the home, in the salon, and young girls were taught piano so they could provide entertainment for family Jazz musicians were thought to be just above the hired help |
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What is New Orleans Counterpoint?
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N.O. (New Orleans) Counterpoint – Trumpet, melody, trombone, countermelody, clarinet, Obbligato
Early Jazz or Dixieland music because of its association with the south Record industry was not centered in South of US, it was in NYC and Chicago If you wanted to make a record, you had to travel. In order to get money to travel |
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What did the term Creole do for a band name in the south?
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In the south, the term Creole in a band name added a level of sophistication that black did not have at the time. Creole meant educated, higher level of musicianship, it was a way of presenting band with a little bit of class. Black musicians used it in an attempt to elevate their art form.
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What'd Paul Whiteman do?
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Famous statement was “I’m gonna make a lady out of jazz.” Basically, wanted to turn it into something that would be palatable for white audiences, and was quite successful at it.
Comedic sensibilities of vaudeville, had some of best white musicians playing in his band. At the time, it was viewed as white bands vs. black bands, no band was really mixed racially |
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How important/widespread was ability to read music?
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Older musicians taught and acted as fellows for younger musicians.
Many musicians could read music, but many others still faked their ability to read by learning standards note by note by heart. |
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what were common places to play early jazz?
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- silent movies and vaudeville
- dances - recording studios - circus and tent show bands - marching bands |
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what do good swing conductors do?
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good swing conductors have to be able to play swing.
Need to let players “go to town” and cut loose Hot means musician feels the music Swing players are more individual Swing has more life |
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Who is Satchmo?
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Louis Armstrong
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why is two beat feel good for tuba?
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because of breaths
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How is a big band usually constructed?
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- 4 trumpets
- 3 tenor trombones 1 bass trombone - 5 saxophones o 2 alto saxes, 2 tenors, 1 baritone sax o rhythm section • piano • guitar • bass • drums |
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What were duke ellington's people really good at?
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playing with mutes, made instrument sound like human voice
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In 1930s, was jazz considered to be popular music?
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Yes.
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What were territory bands?
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bands that played when bigger bands weren't in town. less popular, more localized.
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What are types of jazz music?
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Early Jazz, Ragtime, Swing, Big Band, Bebop, Modal Jazz
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what were critiques of bebop?
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- no ease
- too frantic - likes Charlie Parker - uproar, loses pound of jazz rhythm - bebop piano too simplistic - predictable solos - no virtuosity |
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what was armstrong's take on bebop?
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- says bebop has “weird chords”
- says they’re trying to “not play like themselves” in being experimental, which causes them to lose their personal style more than create than our voice |
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What was dizzy gillespie's take on bebop?
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- beboppers didn’t wear wild clothes
- only beboppers had facial hair adornments (everybody else did, too) - beboppers talked in slang (actually true, used pig latin and others jargon) - beboppers had a penchant for loose sex and sex with people racially different from themselves - beboppers used and abused alcohol/drugs (not a lie) - beboppers had unpatriotic attitudes regarding segregation, eceonmic justice, and The American Way (really just didn’t wanna confine themselves to the context of America) - beboppers practiced religion other than cristianity (half-true, most started being exposed to music through black church, but some did turn to islam) - beboppers threatened to destroy blues, pop, oldtime music like Dixieland jazz (rooted in those styles) - beboppers expressed disdain for squares (mostly untrue) - beboppers are commercial people trying ot make money (half true), all wanted to make money, but that wasn’t all of it - beboppers act weird and foolish (total lie) |
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what were the take of dance musicians in 1940s?
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- squares are opposite of what musicians wanna be
- should be inventive and do what you want - commercial musicians sacrifice self respect for money - jazz men want to satisfy the audience just as much, but maintains that he won’t give in to it - Musician is isolated from audience spacially, this is ok because musician feels that audience of squares could be potentially dangerous. |
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What were ellington and armstrong dedicated to?
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taking jazz out of clubs and into concert halls, elevating jazz.
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What was boplicity?
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“Boplicity” - AABA, original sound, different from Parker and Gilliespie (Davis couldn’t play that fast), one instrument isn’t supposed to stick out, bebop melody but slowed down, tuba sax and trumpet playing melody together, lots of dissonance, nobody is supposed to stick out. Attempted to grow in and out of the melody and background that’s prewritten into something that’s fresh.
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