Isa Glossary (T&u&v&w&x)

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Tagline

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Rope used to control the swing of a limb being removed or to control the direction or fall of a tree or limb being removed

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Tannin

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Organic substance produced by trees. Believed to be involved in a trees chemical defense processes

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Tap root

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Central, vertical root growing directly below the main stem or trunk that may or may not persist into plant maturity

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Taper

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Chang in diameter over the length of trunks, branches, and roots

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Target

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(1) person, object, or structured that could be harmed (damaged or injured) by a tree or tree part in the event of failure. (2) location of Target pruning

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Tautline hitch

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Type of friction hitch used by climbers for fall protection during ascent, descent, and work positioning

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Taxonomy

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Science that studies the description , denomination, and classification of living organisms based on their similarities and differences. Contrast with morphology

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Temperate

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Region lying between the tropics and the poles that has relatively moderate temperatures

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Temporary branches

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In structural pruning of young trees, branches (generally the lower branches) that are left in place or subordinated but will be removed later in forming the permanent scaffold framework of a tree. Contrast with permanent branches

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Tensile strength

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Force at which a new piece of equipment or rope in testing fails in tension under a static load

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Tensiometer

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Instrument used to measure soil moisture

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Terminal bud

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Bud at the tip of a twig or shoot. Apical bud. Contrast with lateral bud

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Thimble

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(1) in cabling, a device used to form and protect the termination loop in the cable. (2) device used to increase the bend radius of and reduce wear on a rope when attached to the hardware.

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Thinning

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In pruning, The selective removal of Live branches to provide light or air penetration through the tree or to lighten the weight of the remaining branches

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Threaded rod

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Metal rod used to support weak sections or crotches of a tree. Also called bracing rod

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Threshold

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(1) in integrated pest Management, pest population levels requiring action. (2) in hazard assessment, risk assessment, and risk management, levels of risk requiring action

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Through-hardware

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Cable anchors or bracing rods that pass completely through an oversized, pre-drilled hole in a trunk or branch and are secured with nuts and washers

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Throw line

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Thin, lightweight cord attached to a throwbag or throwing ball used to set climbing or rigging lines in trees

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Tip-tied

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Tying a line on the tip (brush) end of a branch to be removed

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Tomogram

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Image generated by tomography. Created by sending waves through an object; a computer then produces images of cross-sections of the object by using information about how the waves change.

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Topping

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Inappropriate pruning technique to reduce tree size. Cutting back a tree to a predetermined crown limit, often at internodes.

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Tracheid

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Elongated, tapering xylem cell adapted for the support and transport of water and elements

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Transpiration

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Water vapor loss through the stomata of leaves

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Transplant shock

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Plant stress following transplant; characterized by reduced growth, wilting, dropping foliage, or death

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Tree inventory

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Record of each tree within a designated population; typically include species, size, location, condition, and maintenance requirements

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Tree island

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Enclosed planting bed surrounding a tree, often within a paved area or adjacent to a street

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Tree officer

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In the United kingdom and other countries, an individual responsible for the care and protection of public trees and green spaces . See also City Forester and municipal arborist

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Tree ordinance

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Tree specific legal document that defines a public agency's authority, describes required conditions or actions, establishes penalties for non-conformance, and identifies who is responsible for enforcement and oversight

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Tree preservation order (TPO)

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In the United kingdom ( and being adopted elsewhere), a legal regulation, established by a local authority, that protects a tree or multiple trees

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Tree protection zone (TPZ)

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Defined area within which certain activities are prohibited or restricted to prevent or minimize potential injury to designated trees, especially during construction or development

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Tree spade

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Mechanical equipment to dig, transport, and replant trees with a sufficiently large volume of roots and soil

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Tree stress

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Factor that negatively affects the health of a plant; a factor that stimulates a response.

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Tree Warden

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Title given to a individual who cares for trees on public town lands, mostly used in several New England states (U.S.)

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Tree wrap

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Material used to wrap the trunks of a newly planted or transplanted trees or to protect thin-barked mature trees when they are newly exposed to the sun

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Trenching

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Linear, open excavation, often used to install utilities or structural footings. Can cause tree root damage. Contrast with radial trenching and tunneling

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Triangular cable system

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Tree cabling system that joins three branches with three cables, forming a triangle. Contrast with box cable system and direct cable system

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Tropism

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Tendency of growth or variation of a plant in response to an external stimulus such as gravity (geotropism) or light (phototropism).

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Trunk flare

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Transition zone from trunk to roots where the trunk expands into buttress or structural roots. Root flare.

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Trunk formula method

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Method to appraise the monetary value of trees considered too large to be replaced with nursery or field grown stock. Based on developing a representative unit cost for replacement with the same or a comparable species of the same size and in the same place , subject to depreciation for various factors. Contrast with replacement cost method

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Tunneling

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Digging, often with special machinery and shoring or other supports, below the surface of the ground without an open trench. Alternatively for installation of underground utilities that avoids cutting of tree roots or damage to hardscape or existing utilities. Contrast with radial trenching and trenching.

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Turgid

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Fully hydrated to a normal state of distension

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Urban Forest management plan

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Document that describes how urban forestry goals are to be accomplished within a defined time frame; includes tasks, priorities, best management practices, standards, specifications, budgets, and staffing analyses

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Urban forestry

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Management of naturally occurring and planted trees and associated plants in urban areas

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Utility pruning

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Pruning around or near utility facilities with the object of maintaining safe and reliable utility service

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Variety

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Naturally occurring subdivision of a species having a distinct difference and breeding true to that difference. Compare to cultivar

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Vascular discoloration

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Darkening of the vascular tissues of Woody plants in response to disease

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Vascular plant

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Plant with xylem and phloem elements for conducting water, nutrients, and photosynthates

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Vector

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(1) in pathology, biotic or abiotic agents that transmits a pathogen. (2) in mechanics or rigging, quantity that has both a magnitude and a direction (e.g.,force)

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Vertical mulching

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An aeration or fertilization technique. Drilling vertical holes in the soil and filling them with materials to improve aeration.

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Vessels

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End-to-end , tube like, water conducting cells in the xylem angiosperms

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Vigor

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Overall health. Capacity to grow and resist stress. Sometimes limited in reference to genetic capacity

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Vista pruning

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Selective pruning to enable a view from a predetermined point

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Visual tree assessment (VTA)

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Method of assessing the structural integrity of trees using external symptoms of mechanical stress (such as bulges, reactive growth, etc.) And defects (cracks, cavities, etc.)

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Vitality

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Overall health. Ability of a plant to deal with effectively with stress

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Volatilization

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Conversion of a solid or liquid into a gas or vapor

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Water budget

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Calculation, based on precipitation and environmental factors, that establishes the minimum irrigation needed to maintain plant health

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Water holding capacity

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Ability of a soil to hold moisture

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Water insoluble nitrogen (WIN)

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Nitrogen fertilizer in a form that is not readily soluble in water

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Watersprout

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Upright, epicormic shoot arising from the trunk or branches of a plant above the root graft or soil line. Incorrectly called a sucker

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Webbing sling

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Length of a sewn webbing, often formed into a loop, used as an attachment in rigging

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White Rot

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Fungal decay of wood in which both cellulose and lignin are broken down. Contrast with brown rot and soft rot

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Whorled

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Leaves, twigs, or branches arranged in a circle around a point on the stem. Contrast with alternate and opposite

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Wildlife

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Animals living in a natural, undomesticated state

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Wilt

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(1)(noun) loss of turgor and subsequent drooping of leaves and young stems; a symptom. (2)(noun) infectious disease caused by a particular agent on a particular host or range of hosts. (3)(verb) to lose turgor

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Wire basket

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Type of metal basket used to support the root ball of a balled and burlapped tree or a tree dug with a tree spade

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Witch's broom

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Plant disorder characterized by a shortening of the internodes and proliferation of terminal shoots forming a dense, brush like mass of twigs

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Work plan

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Predetermined, orderly means for job completion

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Working end

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End part of a rope used for rigging and climbing. Contrast with standing part

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Working load limit (WLL)

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Tensile strength divided by design factor. Maximum load that should not be exceeded in a piece of equipment, rope, or rope assembly when performing its normal working function

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Work positioning lanyard

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Lanyard used in climbing, often as a secondary means of attachment

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Wound dressing

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Compound applied to tree wounds or pruning cuts

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Xeriscaping

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Use of plant materials (usually native plants) and practices that minimize landscaping water use. Term for environmentally friendly form of landscaping in dry climates . The term was copyrighted by the Denver (Colorado) water department in 1981. See minimum irrigation

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Xylem

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Main water and mineral conducting (unidirectional, up only) tissue in trees and other plants. Provides structural support. Arises(inward) from the cambium and becomes wood after lignifying. Contrast with phloem