Ir Midterm 2 - Chapter 7

Front 1

Agency

Back 1

the advantages of the most powerful, privileged actors, seen by some as biases created by existing global institutions and norms

Front 2

Ethics

Back 2

criteria for evaluating right and wrong behavior and the motives by individuals and groups

Front 3

morality

Back 3

principles about the norms for behavior that should govern actors' interactions

Front 4

realism

Back 4

the theoretical view that states are the most important global actors and that they are in relentless competition with one another for position and prosperity in the international hierarchy, dedicated to the promotion of their own interests at the expense of other states

Front 5

civil society

Back 5

a community composed of citizens that create institutions to protect civil liberties (such as free speech and freedom from arbitrary governmental interference) and that use peaceful methods for conflict resolution

Front 6

human rights

Back 6

the political rights and civil liberties recognized by the international community as inalienable and valid for individuals in all countries by virtue of their humanity

Front 7

sanctions

Back 7

punitive actions (short of military force) by one global actor against another to retaliate for its previous objectionable behavior

Front 8

liberalism

Back 8

a theory predicated on the hope that the application of reason and universal ethics to international relations can lead to a more orderly, just, and cooperative world, and that international anarchy and war can be policed by institutional reforms that empower organizations and international laws for global governance to protect human rights

Front 9

paradigm

Back 9

an example, a model, or an essential pattern; it structures thoughts about an area of inquiry

Front 10

feminist theory

Back 10

a body of scholarship emerging from teh social feminist movement to promote the political equality of women with men, critquing sexual biases and challenging gender roles that encourage female subordination and warfare

Front 11

level of analysis

Back 11

the focus on which inquiry centers, depending on whether analysis concentrates on individuals, states, or the global system

Front 12

globalization

Back 12

the integration of states, through increasing contact, communciation, and trade, to create a common global culture for all humanity

Front 13

dependency theory

Back 13

a perspective that perceives the global economic system as responsible for the less-developed Global South countries' dependence on, and exploitation by, the wealthy Global North countries

Front 14

human needs

Back 14

those basic physical, social, and political needs, such as food and freedom, that are required for survival and security

Front 15

Human Development Index (HDI)

Back 15

an index that uses life expectancy, literacy, average number of years of schooling, and income to assess a country's performance in providing for its people's welfare and security

Front 16

purchasing power parity (PPP)

Back 16

an index that calculates the true rate of exchange among currencies when parity -- when what can be purchased is the same -- is achieved; the index determines what can be bought with a unit of each currency

Front 17

Third Way

Back 17

an approach to governance advocated primarily by European leaders who, while recognizing few alternatives to liberal capitalism, seek to soften the cruel social impact of free-maret individualism by progressively allowing government intervention to preserve social justice and the rights of individuals to freedom from fear of the deprivations caused by disruptions in the global economy

Front 18

human security

Back 18

a measure popular in liberal theory of the degree to which the welfare of individuals is protected and promoted, in contrast to realist theory's emphasis on putting the state's interests in military and national security ahead of all other goals

Front 19

two-level game

Back 19

the probability that under conditions of global interdependence leaders will (or must) make foreign policy decisions both for international payoffs and at the same time for domestic political purposes

Front 20

refugees

Back 20

people who flee for safety to another country because of a well-founded fear of persecution

Front 21

ethnic cleansing

Back 21

the extermination of an ethnic minority group by a state, in violation of international law since the mid-1990s, before which governments could treat the people within their territory as they wished

Front 22

failed states

Back 22

countries whose governments have so mismanaged policy that they have lost the loyalty of their citizens who, in rebellion, seek independence to create their own state

Front 23

Global South

Back 23

a term now often used instead of "Third World" to designate the less-developed countries located primarily in the Southern Hemisphere

Front 24

brain drain

Back 24

the exodus of the most educated people from their home country to a more prosperous foreign country where the opportunities for high incomes are better, which deprives their homeland of teh emigrants' ability to contribute to its economic development

Front 25

xenophobia

Back 25

the suspicious dislike, disrespect, and disregard for members of a foreign nationality, ethnic, or linguistic group

Front 26

atrocities

Back 26

brutal and savage acts against targeted citizen groups or prisoners of war, defined as illegal under international law

Front 27

asylum

Back 27

the provision of sanctuary to safeguard refugees escaping from the threat of persecution in the country where they hold citizenship

Front 28

sanctuary

Back 28

a place refuge and protection

Front 29

national security

Back 29

a country's psychological freedom from fears that the state will be unable to resist threats to its survival and national values emanating from abroad or at home

Front 30

indigenous peoples

Back 30

the native ethnic and cultural inhabitant populations within countries ruled by a government controlled by others, referred to as the "Fourth World"

Front 31

Fourth World

Back 31

a term used to recognize the native national groups residing in many so-called united states who, although often minorities, occupied the states' territory first and refuse to accept domination, seeking instead to create a new state for themselves by splitting exisitng states or by gaining greater political freedom to govern themselves

Front 32

genocide

Back 32

the deliberate extermination of an ethnic or minority group

Front 33

sovereignty

Back 33

the legal doctrine that states have supreme authoity to govern their internal affairs and manage their foreign relations with other states and IGOs

Front 34

devolution

Back 34

states' granting of political power to minority ethnic groups and indigenous people in partiuclar national regions under the expectation that greater autonomy will curtail their quest for independence as a new state

Front 35

clash of civilizations

Back 35

political scientist Samuel Huntington's controversial thesis that in the twenty-first century the globe's major civilizations will conflict with one another, leading to anarchy and warfare similar to that resulting from conflicts between states over the past 500 years

Front 36

ethnocentrism

Back 36

a propensity to see one's nationality or state as the center of the world and therefore special, with the result that the values and perspectives of other groups are misunderstood and ridiculed

Front 37

self-determination

Back 37

the doctrine asserting that nationalities have the right to determine what political authority will represent and rule them

Front 38

ethnic cleansing

Back 38

the extermination of an ethnic minority group by a state government or rival majority ethnic group

Front 39

irredentism

Back 39

efforts by an ethnic or religious group to regain control of territory by force so that existing state boundaries will no longer separate the group

Front 40

Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)

Back 40

the UN Development Program's attempt to measure the extent of gender equality across the globe's countries, based on estimates of women's relative economic income, high-paying positions, and access to professional and parliamentary positions

Front 41

role

Back 41

the position a person holds and the expectations about how that position is to be performed that shapes the role-occupant's behavior

Front 42

gender inequalities

Back 42

differences between men and women in opportunity and reward that are determined by the values that guide states' foreign and domestic policies

Front 43

ideology

Back 43

a set of core philosophical principles that a group of leaders and citizens collectively hold about politics, the interests of political actors, and the ways people ought to ethically behave

Front 44

constructivism

Back 44

a theoretical perspective emphasizing the extraoridnary degree to which all interpretations -- be they those advanced by realism, liberalism, behavioral science, or feminism, -- are shaped by the assumptions observers and scholars, policymakers and intepreters embrace about the hidden meanings embedded by the views of teh groups with which they most closely identify

Front 45

noncombatant immunity

Back 45

the legal principle that military force should not be used against innocent civilians

Front 46

international regime

Back 46

the set of rules, norms and decision-making procedures that coordinates state behavior within a given issue area

Front 47

regime

Back 47

norms, rules and procedures for interaction agreed to by a set of states

Front 48

humanitarian intervention

Back 48

the use of peacekeeping troops by foreign states or international organizations to protect endangered people from gross violations of their human rights and from mass murder

Front 49

noncombatants

Back 49

those not engaged in fighting during wartime such as teachers and children, who, like soldiers, are often exposed to harm

Front 50

war crimes

Back 50

acts performed during war that the international community defines as illegal crimes against humanity, such as atrocities commited on an enemy's prisoners of war and civilians or the state's own minority population