Introduction To Psychology- Chapter 1: The Science Of Psychology Terms

Front 1

Psychology

Back 1

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Front 2

4 goals of psychology

Back 2

1. What is happening?

2. Why is it happening?

3. When will it happen again? (prediction)

4.) How can it be changed? (control)

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Pseudo psychology

phrenology

palmistry

astrology

Back 3

phrenology- bumps on skull indicate something about a person

palmistry-reading palms

astrology- stars, personality

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Wilhelm Wundt

Back 4

father of psychology, started first ever psychology department and objective introspection

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objective introspection

Back 5

the process of objectively examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities

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G. Stanley Hall

Back 6

first ever psychologist in the United States, started first psychology lab in the United States at John Hopkins

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Edward Titchener

Back 7

leader of structuralism

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structuralism

Back 8

focus on the structure of the mind, belief that it could be broken down into components

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introspection

Back 9

careful, systematic observations of one's own conscious experience

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William James

Back 10

leader of functionalism

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functionalism

Back 11

focus on how the mind allows people to function in the world

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Max Wetheimer

Back 12

founder of Gestalt psychology

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Gestalt psychology

Back 13

"whole is greater than the sum of its parts", people naturally seek pattern and structure

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Sigmund Freud

Back 14

founder of psychoanalysis

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concept of unconscious mind

Back 15

unconscious process influencing behavior

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reactance

Back 16

if one is restricted freedom, psychologically one wants to take it back (ex.) plaque demonstration)

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psychoanalysis

Back 17

the theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud, basis for psychotherapy

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Pavlov

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Russian physiologist, who showed stimulus-response relationship

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John B. Watson

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leader of Behaviorism, believed psychology should only study observable behaviors

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behaviorism

Back 20

the science of psychology that focuses on observable behavior only

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Little Albert Study

Back 21

proved that fears can be learned, i.e., behaviors can be learned, results of stimulus-response relationships

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Mary Cover Jones

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graduate student of Watson, Little Peter Study, added conditioning to reverse phobia

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Nature vs. Nurture debate

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person's psychology attributed to nature (biology, genetics) or to nurture (environment, etc.)

*behaviorists believed it was more about nurture and had a focus on stimulus-response relationships

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psychodynamic perspective

Back 24

modern version of psychoanalysis that is more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of motivations behind a person's behavior other than sexual motivations

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B.F. Skinner

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behaviorist, behavior is determined by environment, things that earn positive responses are repeated, free will is an illusion (ex. window worship demonstration)

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operant conditioning

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behavioral responses that are followed by pleasurable consequences are strengthened, reinforced

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Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers

Back 27

leaders of humanism

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Humanism

Back 28

people have free-will, the freedom to choose their own destiny, and strive for self-actualization

(intrinsic rewards exist too)

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self-actualization

Back 29

the achievement of one's full potential

Front 30

Piaget, Chromsky, Simon

Back 30

leaders of cognition

Piaget-development

Chromsky- language

Simon- problem solving

Front 31

cognitive psychology

Back 31

* mental process involved in acquiring knowledge, what are you thinking v. what are you doing

modern perspective that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning

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cognitive neuroscience

Back 32

includes the physical workings of the brain

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sociocultural perspective

Back 33

interplay between social psychology and cultural psychology

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social psychology

Back 34

how we relate to and are influenced by other people

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cultural psychology

Back 35

study of role of cultural norms

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James Olds

Back 36

biopsychologist, electrical stimulation of the brain evokes emotional responses in animals

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Roger Sperry

Back 37

biopsychologist, left and right brain specialization

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biopsychology

Back 38

the study of behavior as a result of events in the body

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Buss, Daly, & Wilson, Cosmides & Tooby

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studied natural selection of mating preferences, jealousy, aggression, sexual behavior, language, decision making, personality, and development

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evolutionary psychology

Back 40

behavioral patterns in terms of evolutionary significance, natural selection occurs for behavioral as well as physical characteristics

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scientific method

Back 41

system of gathering data so that error and bias is reduced

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steps in the scientific method

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1. perceiving the question

2. forming a hypothesis

3. testing the hypothesis

4. drawing conclusions

5. reporting results

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descriptive methods

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leads to formation of testable hypotheses, investigate the answers to research questions

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naturalistic observation

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watching animals or humans behave in normal environment

advantages- realistic picture of behavior

disadvantages- observer effect, observer bias

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observer effect

Back 45

people who know they are being watched will not behave normally

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participant observation

Back 46

researcher using a one-way mirror or become participants in a group

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observer bias

Back 47

tendency of an observer to see what is expected

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blind observers

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people who do not know what the research question is

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laboratory observation

Back 49

watching animals or humans behave in a laboratory setting

advantages: control over environment, specialized equipment, creation of situation

disadvantage: may lead to artificial behavior

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case study

Back 50

study of one individual in great detail

advantage: great detail

disadvantage: cannot be applied to others easily

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surveys

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researchers will ask a series of questions about the topic under study

advantages: data from a large number of people

study covert behavior

disadvantages: have to ensure representative sample

people are not always accurate (courtesy bias)

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representative sample

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randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects

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population

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the entire group in which the researcher is interested in

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correlation

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a measure of the relationship between any two variables

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variable

Back 55

anything that can change or vary

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correlation coefficient

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-1<r<1, can predict strength and direction of relationship

positive, related in same direction

negative, related in opposite direction

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experiment

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researchers deliberately manipulate (or change in some purposeful way) the variable they think is causing some behavior while holding all other variables that might interfere with the experiment's result constant and unchanging

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operational definition

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definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured, needs to be offered with abstract and concrete details

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independent variable

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variable in an experiment that is manipulated by experiment

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dependent variable

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variable that is the outcome, measurable

response

Front 61

confounding variables

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everything else that is variable

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experimental group

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subjects subjected to independent variable

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control group

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not subjected to independent variable, controls for confounding variables

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random assignment

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process of assigning subjects to experimental or control groups randomly, controls for confounding variables

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placebo effect

Back 65

expectations can influence behavior

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single-blind study

Back 66

subjects do not know if they are in experimental or control (reduces placebo)

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experimenter effect

Back 67

tendency of experimenter's expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study

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double-blind study

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neither the experimenter nor the subjects knows if subjects are in experimental or control group (reduces placebo effect and experimenter effect)

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quasiexperimental designs

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to get around factors like age, technically not considered true experiments