Intro To Soc Exam 2

Front 1

Capital punishment

Back 1

The death penalty (page 176)

Front 2

Crime

Back 2

A violation of a norm that has been codified into law (page 172)

Front 3

Criminal justice system

Back 3

A collection of social institutions, such as legislatures, police, courts, and prisons, that create and enforce laws (page 176)

Front 4

Cyberbullying

Back 4

The use of electronic media (web pages, social networking sites, e-mail, instant messengers, and cell phones) to tease, harass, threaten, or humiliate someone (page 169)

Front 5

Desistance

Back 5

The tendency of individuals to age out of crime over the life course (page 174)

Front 6

Deterrence

Back 6

An approach to punishment that relies on the threat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes (page 174)

Front 7

Deviance

Back 7

A behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction (page 154)

Front 8

Deviance avowal

Back 8

Process by which an individual self-identifies as deviant and initiates her own labeling process (page 166)

Front 9

Differential association theory

Back 9

Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers (page 160)

Front 10

Incapacitation

Back 10

An approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them (page 176)

Front 11

In-group orientation

Back 11

Among stigmatized individuals, the rejection of prevailing judgments or prejudice and the development of new standards that value their group identity (page 165)

Front 12

Innovators

Back 12

Individuals who accept society's approved goals but not society's approved means to achieve them (page 159)

Front 13

Labeling theory

Back 13

Howard Becker's idea that deviance is a consequence of external judgments, or labels, that modify the individual's self-concept and change the way others respond to the labeled person (page 161)

Front 14

Outsiders

Back 14

According to Howard Becker, those labeled deviant and subsequently segregated from "normal" society (page 165)

Front 15

Passing

Back 15

Presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group you belong to (page 165)

Front 16

Pilfering

Back 16

Stealing minor items in small amounts, often again and again (page 174)

Front 17

Positive deviance

Back 17

Actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic (page 176)

Front 18

Primary deviance

Back 18

In labeling theory, the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant (page 161)

Front 19

Property crime

Back 19

Crimes that did not involve violence, including burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson (page 172)

Front 20

Rebels

Back 20

Individuals who reject society's approved goals and means and instead create and work toward their own (sometimes revolutionary) goals using new means (page 159)

Front 21

Rehabilitation

Back 21

An approach to punishment that attempts to reform criminals as part of their penalty (page 176)

Front 22

Retreatists

Back 22

Individuals who reject both society's approved goals and the means by which to achieve them (page 159)

Front 23

Retribution

Back 23

An approach to punishment that emphasizes retaliation or revenge for the crime as the appropriate goal (page 176)

Front 24

Ritualists

Back 24

Individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's approved goals but still operate according to society's approved means (page 159)

Front 25

Secondary deviance

Back 25

Iin labeling theory, the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant (page 161)

Front 26

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 26

An inaccurate statement or belief that, by altering the situation, becomes accurate; a prediction that causes itself to come true (page 164)

Front 27

Social control

Back 27

The formal and informal mechanisms used to increase conformity to values and norms and thus promote social cohesion (page 159)

Front 28

Stigma

Back 28

Erving Goffman's term for any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group's identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction (page 164)

Front 29

Structural strain theory

Back 29

Robert Merton's argument that in an unequal society the tension or strain between socially approved goals and an individual's ability to achieve those goals through socially approved means will lead to deviance as individuals reject either the goals or the means or both (page 159)

Front 30

Tertiary deviance

Back 30

redefining the stigma associated with a deviant label as a positive phenomenon (page 161)

Front 31

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

Back 31

An official measure of crime in the United States, produced by the FBI's official tabulation of every crime reported by more than 17,000 law enforcement agencies (page 172)

Front 32

Violent crime

Back 32

Crimes in which violence is either the objective or the means to an end, including murder, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery (page 172)

Front 33

White collar

Back 33

Crime crime committed by a high-status individual in the course of his occupation (page 172)

Front 34

Absolute deprivation

Back 34

An objective measure of poverty, defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, or health care (page 204)

Front 35

Blue collar

Back 35

A description characterizing workers who perform manual labor (page 191)

Front 36

Caste system

Back 36

A form of social stratification in which status is determined by one's family history and background and cannot be changed (page 188)

Front 37

Closed system

Back 37

A social system with very little opportunity to move from one class to another (page 203)

Front 38

Conapartheid

Back 38

The system of segregation of racial and ethnic groups that was legal in South Africa between 1948 and 1991 (page 189)

Front 39

Cultural capital

Back 39

The tastes, habits, expectations, skills, knowledge, and other cultural dispositions that help us gain advantages in society (page 197)

Front 40

Culture of poverty

Back 40

Antrenched attitudes that can develop among poor communities and lead the poor to accept their fate rather than attempt to improve their lot (page 209)

Front 41

Digital divide

Back 41

The experience of unequal access to computer and internet technology, both globally and within the United States (page 207)

Front 42

Disenfranchisement

Back 42

The removal of the rights of citizenship through economic, political, or legal means (page 211)

Front 43

Everyday class

Back 43

Consciousness awareness of one's own social status and that of others (page 198)

Front 44

Feudal system

Back 44

A system of social stratification based on a hereditary nobility who were responsible for and served by a lower stratum of forced laborers called serfs (page 194)

Front 45

Heterogamy

Back 45

Choosing romantic partners who are dissimilar to us in terms of class, race, education, religion, and other social group membership (page 205)

Front 46

Homogamy

Back 46

Choosing romantic partners who are similar to us in terms of class, race, education, religion, and other social group membership (page 205)

Front 47

Horizontal social mobility

Back 47

The occupational movement of individuals or groups within a social class (page 203)

Front 48

Hypergamy

Back 48

Marrying "up" in the social class hierarchy (page 205)

Front 49

Hypogamy

Back 49

Marrying "down" in the social class hierarchy (page 205)

Front 50

Intergenerational mobility

Back 50

Movement between social classes that occurs from one generation to the next (page 203)

Front 51

Intragenerational mobility

Back 51

The movement between social classes that occurs during the course of an individual's lifetime (page 203)

Front 52

Just-world hypothesis

Back 52

Argues that people have a deep need to see the world as orderly, predictable, and fair, which creates a tendency to view victims of social injustice as deserving of their fates (page 210)

Front 53

Meritocracy

Back 53

a system in which rewards are distributed based on merit (page 213)

Front 54

Middle class

Back 54

Composed primarily of "white collar" workers with a broad range of incomes; they constitute about 30 percent of the U.S. population white collar a description characterizing workers and skilled laborers in technical and lower-management jobs (page 191)

Front 55

Open system

Back 55

A social system with ample opportunities to move from one class to another (page 203)

Front 56

Prestige

Back 56

The social honor people are given because of their membership in well-regarded social groups (page 194)

Front 57

Relative deprivation

Back 57

A relative measure of poverty based on the standard of living in a particular society (page 204)

Front 58

Residential segregation

Back 58

The geographical separation of the poor from the rest of the population (page 210)

Front 59

Simplicity movement

Back 59

A loosely knit movement that opposes consumerism and encourages people to work less, earn less, and spend less, in accordance with nonmaterialistic values (page 215)

Front 60

Slavery

Back 60

The most extreme form of social stratification, based on the legal ownership of people (page 187)

Front 61

Social class

Back 61

A system of stratification based on access to such resources as wealth, property, power, and prestige (page 189)

Front 62

Social inequality

Back 62

The unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society (page 187)

Front 63

Social mobility

Back 63

The movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchal system of social classes (page 203)

Front 64

Social reproduction

Back 64

The tendency of social classes to remain relatively stable as social class status is passed down from one generation to the next (page 196)

Front 65

Social stratification

Back 65

The division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy (page 187)

Front 66

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Back 66

A measure of an individual's place within a social class system; often used interchangeably with "class" (page 189)

Front 67

Status inconsistency

Back 67

a situation in which there are serious differences between the different elements of an individual's socioeconomic status (page 191)

Front 68

Structural mobility

Back 68

Changes in the social status of large numbers of people due to structural changes in society (page 203)

Front 69

Underclass

Back 69

The poorest Americans who are chronically unemployed and may depend on public or private assistance; they constitute about 5 percent of the U.S. population (page 191)

Front 70

Upper class

Back 70

A largely self-sustaining group of the wealthiest people in a class system; in the United States, they constitute about 1 percent of the population and possess most of the wealth of the country (page 190)

Front 71

Upper-middle class

Back 71

Mostly professionals and managers who enjoy considerable financial stability, they constitute about 14 percent of the U.S. population (page 190)

Front 72

Vertical social mobility

Back 72

The movement between different class statuses, often called either upward mobility or downward mobility (page 203)

Front 73

Wealth

Back 73

A measure of net worth that includes income, property, and other assets (page 194)

Front 74

White collar

Back 74

A description characterizing workers and skilled laborers in technical and lower-management jobs (page 191)

Front 75

Working class or lower-middle class

Back 75

Mostly "blue collar" or service industry workers who are less likely to have a college degree; they constitute about 30 percent of the U.S. population (page 191)

Front 76

Working poor

Back 76

Poorly educated workers who work full-time but remain below the poverty line; they constitute about 20 percent of the U.S. population (page 191)

Front 77

Affirmative action

Back 77

Programs or policies that seek to rectify the effects of past discrimination by increasing representation and ensuring equal opportunity for any previously disadvantaged group (page 237)

Front 78

Assimilation

Back 78

A pattern of relations between ethnic or racial groups in which the minority group is absorbed into the mainstream or dominant group, making society more homogenous (page 239)

Front 79

Cultural assimilation

Back 79

the process by which racial or ethnic groups are absorbed into the dominant group by adopting the dominant group's culture (page 242)

Front 80

Discrimination

Back 80

Unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group; usually motivated by prejudice (page 228)

Front 81

Embodied identity

Back 81

Those elements of identity that are generated through others' perceptions of our physical traits (page 231)

Front 82

Ethnicity

Back 82

A socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor (page 222)

Front 83

Genocide

Back 83

The deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group (page 238)

Front 84

Individual discrimination

Back 84

Discrimination carried out by one person against another (page 228)

Front 85

Institutional discrimination

Back 85

Discrimination carried out systematically by institutions (political, economic, educational, and others) that affect all members of a group who come into contact with it (page 228)

Front 86

Internal colonialism

Back 86

The economic and political domination and subjugation of the minority group by the controlling group within a nation (page 239)

Front 87

Minority group

Back 87

Members of a social group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to society's dominant groups but who are not necessarily fewer in number than the dominant groups (page 226)

Front 88

Miscegenation

Back 88

Romantic, sexual, or marital relationships between people of different races (page 232)

Front 89

Passing

Back 89

Presenting yourself as a member of a different racial or ethnic group than the one you were born into (page 231)

Front 90

Pluralism

Back 90

A cultural pattern of intergroup relations that encourages racial and ethnic variation within a society (page 242)

Front 91

Population transfer

Back 91

The forcible removal of a group of people from the territory they have occupied (page 239)

Front 92

Prejudice

Back 92

An idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it (page 228)

Front 93

Race

Back 93

A socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people (page 222)

Front 94

Racial assimilation

Back 94

The process by which racial minority groups are absorbed into the dominant group through intermarriage (page 241)

Front 95

Racism

Back 95

A set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group; used to justify inequality and often rooted in the assumption that differences between groups are genetic (page 226)

Front 96

Segregation

Back 96

The formal and legal separation of groups by race or ethnicity (page 239)

Front 97

Situational ethnicity

Back 97

An ethnic identity that can be either displayed or concealed depending on its usefulness in a given situation (page 223)

Front 98

Symbolic ethnicity

Back 98

An ethnic identity that is only relevant on specific occasions and does not significantly impact everyday life (page 223)

Front 99

Asexuality

Back 99

involves the lack of sexual attraction of any kind; asexual people have no interest in or desire for sex (page 269)

Front 100

Bisexuality

Back 100

sexual attraction to both genders; bisexuals are sexually attracted to both males and females (page 269)

Front 101

Civil unions

Back 101

proposed as an alternative to gay marriage; a form of legally recognized commitment that provides gay couples some of the benefits and protections of marriage (page 273)

Front 102

Constructionists

Back 102

Those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a dichotomous system is just one possibility among many (page 250)

Front 103

Essentialists

Back 103

Those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed (page 249)

Front 104

Expressive role

Back 104

The position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing (page 252)

Front 105

Feminism

Back 105

Belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes; also the social movements organized around that belief (page 266)

Front 106

Feminization of poverty

Back 106

The economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, caused in part by the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of child care (page 262)

Front 107

First wave

Back 107

The earliest period of feminist activism in the United States, including the period from the mid-nineteenth century until American women won the right to vote in 1920 (page 267)

Front 108

Gender

Back 108

The physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members (page 249)

Front 109

Gender identity

Back 109

An individual's selfdefinition or sense of gender (page 249)

Front 110

Gender role socialization

Back 110

The lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through four agents of socialization: families, schools, peers, and the media (page 253)

Front 111

Heterosexuality

Back 111

sexual desire for other genders (page 269)

Front 112

Homophobia

Back 112

fear of or discrimination toward homosexuals or toward individuals who display purportedly genderinappropriate behavior (page 274)

Front 113

Homosexuality

Back 113

the tendency to feel sexual desire toward members of one's own gender (page 269)

Front 114

Human sexual dimorphism

Back 114

The extent, much debated in recent years, to which inherent physical differences define the distinctions between the two sexes (page 249)

Front 115

Instrumental role

Back 115

The position of the family member who provides the family's material support and is often an authority figure (page 252)

Front 116

Intersexed

Back 116

Term to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female (page 248)

Front 117

LGBTQ

Back 117

lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer; sometimes "A" is added to include "allies" (page 272)

Front 118

Male liberationism

Back 118

A movement that originated in the 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity (page 268)

Front 119

Men's rights movement

Back 119

An offshoot of male liberationism whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men (page 268)

Front 120

Patriarchy

Back 120

Literally meaning "rule of the father"; a male-dominated society (page 250)

Front 121

Pro-feminist men's movement

Back 121

An offshoot of male liberationism whose members support feminism and believe that sexism harms both men and women (page 268)

Front 122

Queer theory

Back 122

social theory about gender identity and sexuality that emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects as restrictive the idea of innate sexual identity (page 272)

Front 123

Second shift

Back 123

The unpaid housework and child care often expected of women after they complete their day's paid labor (page 264)

Front 124

Second wave

Back 124

The period of feminist activity during the 1960s and 1970s often associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment and education (page 267)

Front 125

Sex

Back 125

An individual's membership in one of two biologically distinct categories -- male or female (page 248)

Front 126

Sexual orientation or sexual identity

Back 126

The inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender or toward both genders (page 268)

Front 127

Sexuality

Back 127

The character or quality of being sexual (page 268)

Front 128

Social learning

Back 128

The process of learning behaviors and meanings through social interaction (page 254)

Front 129

Suffrage movement

Back 129

The movement organized around gaining voting rights for women (page 267)

Front 130

Third wave

Back 130

The most recent period of feminist activity, focusing on issues of diversity and the variety of identities women can possess (page 268)

Front 131

Transgendered

Back 131

Term describing an individual whose sense of gender identity transgresses expected gender categories (page 253)

Front 132

Transsexuals

Back 132

Individuals who identify with the other sex and have surgery to alter their own sex so it fits their self-image (page 253)

Front 133

527 committees

Back 133

Organizations that have no official connection to a candidate but that raise and spend funds like a campaign does; named after the section of the tax code that authorizes their existence (page 294)

Front 134

Authoritarianism

Back 134

System of government by and for a small number of elites that does not include representation of ordinary citizens (page 287)

Front 135

Authority

Back 135

The legitimate, noncoercive exercise of power (page 287)

Front 136

Belief

Back 136

A proposition or idea held on the basis of faith (page 311)

Front 137

Charter schools

Back 137

Public schools run by private entities to give parents greater control over their children's education (page 306)

Front 138

Community college

Back 138

Two-year institution that provides students with general education and facilitates transfer to a four-year university (page 310)

Front 139

Democracy

Back 139

A political system in which all citizens have the right to participate (page 288)

Front 140

Disenfranchised

Back 140

stripped of voting rights, either temporarily or permanently (page 290)

Front 141

Early college high schools

Back 141

Institutions in which students earn a high school diploma and two years of credit toward a bachelor's degree (page 307)

Front 142

Education

Back 142

The process by which a society transmits its knowledge, values, and expectations to its members so they can function effectively (page 301)

Front 143

Evangelical

Back 143

A term describing conservative Christians who emphasize converting others to their faith (page 316)

Front 144

Extrinsic religiosity

Back 144

A person's public display of commitment to a religious faith (page 313)

Front 145

Fourth Estate

Back 145

The media, which are considered like a fourth branch of government (after the executive, legislative, and judiciary) and thus serve as another of the checks and balances on power (page 294)

Front 146

Fundamentalism

Back 146

The practice of emphasizing literal interpretation of texts and a "return" to a time of greater religious purity; represented by the most conservative group within any religion (page 315)

Front 147

Government

Back 147

The formal, organized agency that exercises power and control in modern society, especially through the creation and enforcement of laws (page 287)

Front 148

Hidden curriculum

Back 148

Values or behaviors that students learn indirectly over the course of their schooling because of the structure of the educational system and the teaching methods used (page 303)

Front 149

Homeschooling

Back 149

The education of children by their parents, at home (page 307)

Front 150

Intrinsic religiosity

Back 150

A person's inner religious life or personal relationship to the divine (page 313)

Front 151

Liberation theology

Back 151

A movement within the Catholic Church to understand Christianity from the perspective of the poor and oppressed, with a focus on fighting injustice (page 312)

Front 152

Monarchy

Back 152

A government ruled by a king or queen, with succession of rulers kept within the family (page 288)

Front 153

Monotheistic

Back 153

A term describing religions that worship a single divine figure (page 312)

Front 154

Online education

Back 154

Any educational course or program in which the teacher and the student meet via the internet, rather than meeting physically in a classroom (page 310)

Front 155

Opinion leaders

Back 155

High-profile individuals whose interpretation of events influences the public (page 296)

Front 156

Pluralist model

Back 156

A system of political power in which a wide variety of individuals and groups have equal access to resources and the mechanisms of power (page 292)

Front 157

Political action committee (PAC)

Back 157

An organization that raises money to support the interests of a select group or organization (page 293)

Front 158

Politics

Back 158

methods and tactics intended to influence government policy, policy-related attitudes, and activities (page 287)

Front 159

Power

Back 159

The ability to impose one's will on others (page 287)

Front 160

Power elite

Back 160

A relatively small group of people in the top ranks of economic, political, and military institutions who make many of the important decisions in American society (page 292)

Front 161

Profane

Back 161

The ordinary, mundane, or everyday (page 311)

Front 162

Religion

Back 162

Any institutionalized system of shared beliefs and rituals that identify a relationship between the sacred and the profane (page 311)

Front 163

Religiosity

Back 163

The regular practice of religious beliefs, often measured in terms of frequency of attendance at worship services and the importance of religious beliefs to an individual (page 313)

Front 164

Ritual

Back 164

A practice based on religious beliefs (page 311)

Front 165

Sacred

Back 165

The holy, divine, or supernatural (page 311)

Front 166

School vouchers

Back 166

Payments from the government to parents whose children attend failing public schools; the money helps parents pay private school tuition (page 309)

Front 167

Secular

Back 167

Nonreligious; a secular society separates church and state and does not endorse any religion (page 316)

Front 168

Simulacrum

Back 168

An image or media representation that does not reflect reality in any meaningful way but is treated as real (page 298)

Front 169

Social institutions

Back 169

systems and structures within society that shape the activities of groups and individuals (page 286)

Front 170

Special interest groups

Back 170

organizations that raise and spend money to influence elected officials and/or public opinion (page 293)

Front 171

Tracking

Back 171

The placement of students in educational "tracks," or programs of study (e.g., college prep, remedial), that determine the types of classes students take (page 303)

Front 172

Unchurched

Back 172

A term describing those who consider themselves spiritual but not religious and who often adopt aspects of various religious traditions (page 316)

Front 173

Activism

Back 173

Any activity intended to bring about social change (page 497)

Front 174

Collective behavior

Back 174

That follows from the formation of a group or crowd of people who take action together toward a shared goal (page 485)

Front 175

Contagion theory

Back 175

One of the earliest theories of collective action; suggested that individuals who joined a crowd could become "infected" by a mob mentality and lose the ability to reason (page 485)

Front 176

Crowd

Back 176

A temporary gathering of individuals, whether spontaneous or planned, who share a common focus (page 486)

Front 177

Cultural diffusion

Back 177

The dissemination of beliefs and practices from one group to another (page 502)

Front 178

Cultural imperialism

Back 178

Cultural influence caused by adopting another culture's products (page 502)

Front 179

Cultural lag

Back 179

The time between changes in material culture or technology and the resulting changes in the broader culture's relevant norms, values, meanings, and laws (page 498)

Front 180

Cultural leveling

Back 180

The process by which societies lose their uniqueness, becoming increasingly similar (page 503)

Front 181

Elative deprivation theory

Back 181

A theory of social movements that focuses on the actions of oppressed groups who seek rights or opportunities already enjoyed by others in the society (page 492)

Front 182

Emergent norm theory

Back 182

A theory of collective behavior that assumes individual members of a crowd make their own decisions about behavior and that norms are created through others' acceptance or rejection of these behaviors (page 486)

Front 183

Fads

Back 183

Interests or practices followed enthusiastically for a relatively short period of time (page 487)

Front 184

Fashion

Back 184

The widespread custom or style of behavior and appearance at a particular time or in a particular place (page 487)

Front 185

Global village

Back 185

Marshall McLuhan's term describing the way that new communication technologies override barriers of space and time, joining together people all over the globe (page 501)

Front 186

Globalization

Back 186

The increasing connections between economic, social, and political systems all over the globe (page 502)

Front 187

Mass behavior

Back 187

Large groups of people engaging in similar behaviors without necessarily being in the same place (page 487)

Front 188

Mass society theory

Back 188

A theory of social movements that assumes people join not because of the movements' ideals, but to satisfy a psychological need to belong to something larger than themselves (page 492)

Front 189

Modernity

Back 189

A term encompassing the forms of social organization that characterize industrialized societies, including the decline of tradition, an increase in individualism, and a belief in progress, technology, and science (page 503)

Front 190

Postmodernity

Back 190

A term encompassing the forms of social organization characteristic of postindustrial societies, including a focus on the production and management of information and skepticism of science and technology (page 503)

Front 191

Progressive

Back 191

Term describing efforts to promote forward-thinking social change (page 498)

Front 192

Public goods dilemma

Back 192

A type of social dilemma in which individuals incur the cost to contribute to a collective resource, though they may never benefit from that resource (page 489)

Front 193

Regressive

Back 193

Term describing resistance to particular social changes, efforts to maintain the status quo, or attempts to reestablish an earlier form of social order (page 497)

Front 194

Resource mobilization theory

Back 194

A theory of social movements that focuses on the practical constraints that help or hinder social movements' action (page 492)

Front 195

Riot

Back 195

Continuous disorderly behavior by a group of people that disturbs the peace and is directed toward other people and/or property (page 487)

Front 196

Social change

Back 196

The transformation of a culture over time (page 484)

Front 197

Social dilemma

Back 197

A situation in which behavior that is rational for the individual can, when practiced by many people, lead to collective disaster (page 487)

Front 198

Social movement

Back 198

Any social groups with leadership, organization, and an ideological commitment to promote or resist social change (page 489)

Front 199

Technological determinism

Back 199

A theory of social change that assumes changes in technology drive changes in society, rather than vice versa (page 498)

Front 200

Tragedy of the commons

Back 200

A particular type of social dilemma in which many individuals' overexploitation of a public resource depletes or degrades that common resource (page 488)

Front 201

Virtual community

Back 201

A community of people linked by their consumption of the same digital media (page 500)