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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Epicenter of diversity |
Appalachian mountains |
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Five major factors affecting fish assemblages |
Hydrology, water temp, land use & soil, nutrients, dissolved oxygen |
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Phytoplankton |
Use sunlight & CO2 and produce O2 during daytime; at night only CO2 produced (pH drops and O2 consumed) |
Day: carbonic acid declines |
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Eutrophic |
High nutrient water; very low & very high oxygen levels and pH |
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High temperatures lead to? |
Less oxygen avaliable due to low solubility |
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Low light leads to? |
Less O2 |
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High phytoplankton blooms lead to what dissolved oxygen? |
Super saturated around noon, very little before dawn |
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Fish found in cold water |
Salmonids |
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Fish found in cool water |
Percids, esocids (walleye, yellow perch, northern pike) |
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Fish in warm water |
Centrarchids, ictaluride (catfish, basses, bluegill) |
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Functions of rivers and streams (3) |
Predator avoidance, velocity breaks, food supply |
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Types of habitat in rivers and streams (6) |
Pools-riffles-runs, undercut banks, wood debris, coarse gravel-sand, boulders, riparian shading |
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Riffle |
Water over rocks/pebbles |
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Glide |
Calm area before riffle |
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Run |
Fast water after riffle |
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Point bar/pool |
Across from one another in a bend in the river, one is a raised land (bar) the other is a fine sediment deep area (pool) |
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Oxbow Lake |
A river bend that has been cut off from the rest of a river, water becomes a stagnant lake |
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Back eddy |
Circulating water sometimes moving opposite to flow, found in pools, deposits sediment |
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Fluvial = |
River |
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Fluvial specialists |
Such as brook trout; cannot live in stagnant water |
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Fluvial dependants |
Can live elsewhere but require flowing water at some point (white sucker) |
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Macrohabitat generalists |
Very adaptable and can live almost anywhere; bluegill, large mouth bass |
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First order stream |
No tributaries |
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Second order stream |
At least one tributary |
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Stocking cold water trout streams? |
Lowers native amphibian numbers |
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Strahler's Stream Order |
Two first orders equal a second order, a first order plus a second order is still a second order, a second order plus a second order is a third order |
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6 traits of a cold water trout stream |
Steep gradient, low nutrients, erosive high power, fast flow, nutrients externally derived, cold clear snowpack or springs |
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Vannotte River Concept |
Amphibians+coarse particulates -> producers, algae, use dissolved nutrients, anadromous fish -> large fish no amphibians |
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Cold water trout stream species (4) |
Dace, darters, sculpin, brook trout |
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8 cold water trout stream affecting things |
Shading, sediment load, flows, water temp, oxygen, topographic gradient, sediment/bedrock, dams-logging-development |
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Warm water streams |
Ephemeral, springs/rainwater |
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Factors affecting warm water streams (7) |
Non-point/point source loading, soil, seasonal flow, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, temp, shading |
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Warm water stream fish species (6) |
Sunfish, bass, darters, suckers, catfish, cyprinids (minnows) |
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Factors affecting large rivers (9) |
Non-point/point source, soil types & sediment, seasonal flow, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, temperature, riparian shading, dams & reservoirs, channelization & flood control |
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Mississippi is an example of: |
Warm water large river with channelization and flood control zones |
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Large river fish (7) |
Suckers, carp & chub, paddlefish, surgeon, salmonids, striped bass, American eel |
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Three areas of reservoir |
Riverine, Transitional, Lacustrine |
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Difference between lake & reservoir? |
Lake is natural, reservoir is a drowned river valley |
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Lake zones |
Littoral (underwater shelf) zone, limnetic zone |
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Ponds (define) |
No wave swept shoreline, <1 acre |
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Cold lake species (3) |
Trout, land-locked salmon, grayling |
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Cool lake species (5) |
Pike, yellow perch, walleye, muskies, white fish |
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Warm water lakes (3) |
Striped bass, shad, gar |
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Natural pond species (1) |
Desert pupfish |
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Factors affecting estuaries (9) |
Pollution, altered fw flow, channelization, urban sprawl, storms, coastal erosion, subsidence, sea level rise, wetland loss |
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Six estuary types |
Soft bottom, hard bottom (oyster), saltmarsh, submerged grass, mangrove, intertidal |
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Thermocline |
Temperature difference in water quickly |
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Halocline |
Salt content of water changes rapidly at a cline |
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Stenohaline fish |
Marine fish |
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Euryhaline |
Tolerant fish of different salinities |
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Freshwater species (salt tolerance) |
Usually found below 5 ppt |
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Brackish water species |
Usually 5-15 ppt |
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Littoral estuarine fish |
Nearshore shallow, <10 cm, resident, killifish, silverside |
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Pelagic fish |
Migratory, jacks, ladyfish |
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Demersal fish |
Bottom feeders, flatfish, drum, seacatfish |
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Freshwater fish occasionally enters brackish water (1) |
Blue catfish |
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Truly estuarine species (3) |
Killifish, spotted seatrout, silversides |
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Marine species in estuaries that are marine visitors (1) |
Spanish mackerel |
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Saltwater spawning estuarine rearing (estuary, 3) |
Drum, shad, penaeids |
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FW spawning estuarine rearing (1) |
Striped bass |
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Saltwater spawning saltwater rearing (4) |
Snapper, mackerel, billfish, grouper |
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Estuarine spawning estuarine rearing |
Killifish, spotted seatrout |
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Four estuary types |
Spartina alternaflora, seagrass beds, oyster beds, mangroves |
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Marine continental shelf |
Dynamic, wave action, storms, very diverse, affected by human interaction (fishing, shipping) |
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West vs Gulf continental shelf |
West - small shelf, little to no sand, hard bottom Gulf - large, many sandy areas |
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Currents |
(See picture slide) |
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Pacific temp |
Above freezing but with fog |
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Atlantic temperature |
-20 to 40 degrees C but can freeze unlike pacific (freeze close to shore) |
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Pacific coast |
Upwelling, high tidal amplitude, steep beaches, lots of hard bottom habitat, anadromous migrants to fw |
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Atlantic coast |
Warm below Cape cod, offshore banks with reef fish, large shelf |
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Gulf of Mexico |
Oil industry created hard bottom habitat, very large shelf, warm like Atlantic |
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Differences btwn Atlantic and Pacific |
Diversity in the Atlantic much smaller than Pacific, due to glaciation and minimal rocky habitat in southern Atlantic |
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Coral Reef: Florida and Flower Gardens |
Temperature increases may threaten, turbidity (sediment) may affect survival, coral reefs at risk due to locality to urban areas |
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Flower Gardens |
Surrounding water very deep, the reef itself sticks up tall in water |
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Daytime shallow coral |
Sweepers, squirrel fish, parrotfish, snapper, etc. |
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Holoepipelagic |
Migrate long distances, found everywhere (yellowfin tuna, mola mola) |
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Deep sea |
Very expensive to explore, 85% of area, 90% of volume largely unexplored |
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Deep zones |
Pelagic, benthic |
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Epipelagic |
Also called photic, 0-200 meters |
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Sublittoral, c. Shelf |
Benthic zone; 0-200 |
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Hadal-pelagic |
6,000 to 10,000 metres, deepest water |
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Deep water |
Very stable, cold and saline (3 degrees & 34.9 ppt); fish grow slowly and move slowly |
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Notothenoids |
Anti-freeze blood compounds; found in Antarctica |
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Thermal vents |
May mimic early habitats, have own ecosystem, not typical deep water species |
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Whale caracasses |
Could be main way thermal vent organisms moved from vent to vent; vent organisms and whale carcass organisms similar |
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Temporary pond |
Vernal pools, tropical area, some fish heavily evolved to use these; e.g. the lungfish |
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Cave system |
Blind, white (usually), e.g. catfish and tetras, found in Tennessee, Appalachia |
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Mountain Fishes |
In USA mostly amphibians, other places loaches |
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5 importance factors for conservation |
1) food 2) animal feed, biomedical 3) social and cultural 4) ecosystem services 5) ethical reasons (diversity, extinction) |
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Fish vs livestock |
Catching fish doesn't require huge amounts of fresh water; raising cattle does; as of yet not sure of total energy comparison |
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conservation: problem to fix |
Extinction rates seems higher than past, 10-100 times greater than Triassic period |
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Example of extinction |
Great rift lake ciclids extinction far more common, due to introduction of Nile Perch for food consumption |
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Species at risk USA |
Most are freshwater |
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13 ecological imperilment factors |
1. Small range, endemic 2. Specialize ecology 3. Fragmented range 4. Spring/small habitat 5. Benthic habitats 6. Diadromy/migration 7. Small body size 8. Lack parental care 9. Short life 10. Not piscivorous 11. Dependant on currents 12. Low fecundity 13. Large body size |
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5 Causes of diversity decline |
1. Impaired water 2. Altered hydrology 3. Loss of natural habitat 4. Invasive species 5. Increased fish harvest from all sources |
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10 major pollutants |
1. Organic compounds 2. Pesticide 3. Nutrients 4. Petrochem 5. Silt 6. Metals 7. Heavy metals 8. Produced water/brine disharge 9. Heat or cold 10. Endocrine disruptors |
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Pollutant source classification |
1. Point - source - single input events 2. Non - point source - run-off, other events |
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7 effects of pollutants on fishes |
1. Change in osmotic pressure 2. Change in pH 3. Excess nutrients 4. Decrease in o2 5. Direct toxicity 6. Decrease growth and reproduction 7. Destruction of food organisms |
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Summerkill |
Summer creates eutrophication on bottom, season change & storms stirs water creating a low-oxygen mix throughout the water and fish die |
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Six sources of fish kills |
1) agriculture 2) sewage treatment plants 3) industrial discharges 4) spills 5) runoff (general) 6) other pesticides input |
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Species affected by dams |
Anadromous and species requiring riverine habitat |
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Reservoirs 6 properties thereof |
Drowned river valley, river blocked; high exchange rate; impounded river & stratification; stocked with fish; recreational fishing (striped bass, large mouth bass); tailwater fisheries (trout etc) |
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Five contrasts of reservoirs vs lakes |
1) drainage area 2) erosion 3) nutrient loss 4) less developed littoral zone vegetation due to widely flux lake levels 5) less prone to lake freezing and turnover |
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Effects of reservoir on water |
1) impede migration 2) effect natural hydrograph functions 3) discharge from hypolimnion or propulsion 4) remove habitat for rearing fish 5) (see slides) |
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Impacts of dams on salmon |
Loss of salmon runs <5% of historical runs; hatchery augmentation has provided little relief and has led to genetic problems |
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Freshwater flow to estuaries and dams |
How much fw do species estuaries need? (E.g. alligator gar, probably end up being listed) |
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Flow regime in urban system |
Channeled, straightened, armored, trying to move it faster and avoid flooding, may be dominated by wastewater flows |
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Flow speed caused by urbanization |
Makes stream have more energy, like a sponge it now wants to pick up things, stream bank erosion |
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Five losses of habitat |
1) dredging, filling, channelization 2) silt 3) land conversion 4) sea level rise 5) global warming |
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Properties of an invasive fish species (5) |
1) fast growing 2) generalist 3) r-selected 4) tolerant of various conditions 5) aggressive |
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Two examples of invasive |
1) Sea lamprey 2) Nile Perch |
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Fishing (3 facts) |
1) many over fished or being overfished 2) marine species close to land most at risk 3) increased effort, increased technological efficiency, open access fishery, causes overfishing |
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Results of fishing (5) |
1) reduction of stock 2) juvenescence 3) fishing down the trophic level 4) alteration of stock genetics 5) age and sex ratios |
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Fishing history |
Developed in 70's & 80's, peaked at 1989 |
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Fishing commercially |
Short- lived fish more targeted (e.g. Alaska polluck) |
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Recreational fish 4 popular fish |
Atlantic croaker, summer flounder, striped bass, bluefish very popular |
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Atlantic cod fishery |
Disastrous example how not to run a fishery; declining catches led to studies on fish stocks; trawlers in 1970's brought stocks low |
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World pelagic fish |
1) sardines and anchovies 2) huge catches, then collapse, then reappear, seems naturally unstable |
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Peruvian anchovetta |
Frequent trips by boats close to shore, cheap small fish, 1964 10 million metric tons caught (more than all other fish combined); collapsed due to El Nino in 1972 |
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Lesson learned by Peruvian anchovetta |
Variable environment + variable recruitment + overcapitalization = disaster |
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Tuna fishing indus. |
Very high value, commercial & recreational, long-line & pole-and-line; in longlining many non-targeted fish caught; main problem of tuna allocation among groups especially developing countries (fishery is in open ocean, hard to patrol) |
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Evolution of a fishery (6) |
1) early stages, increased effort increased cpue 2) many entries to fishery 3) increase effort, cpue decline 4) maximum sustainable yield, fmsy = fishing level that produces that msy 5) total catch declines, parent population cannot sustain future generations 6) usually see juvenescence |
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MSY |
Maximum sustainable yield |
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FMSY |
Fishing level that produces that maximum sustainable yield |
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CPUE |
Catch per Unit Effort |
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Uncontrolled fisheries |
Abundance at all time low when total catch highest (cpue is very low) |
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Problems with open access fishery |
(See slides) |
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Fisheries laws (4 laws) |
Federal waters are > 3 miles except TX and FL 1) Lacy act - feds enforce state laws 2) Endangered Spp Act - protect endangered spp 3) Magnuson-Stevens Act - regulate offshore 4) Clean water act |
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International regulation |
Done by treaty, hard to enforce, allocation and monitoring a major issue |
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What else can be done for fisheries? (9 things) |
1) removal of dam 2) fish friendly structures 3) wetlands seagrass restoration 4) riparian zone protection 5) discharge permits 6) preservation of natural hydrograph 7) effective fisheries management 8) aquaculture target low trophic 9) strict regs on aquarium species etc And more... |
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