Ib Gas Exchange

Front 1

Define cell respiration

Back 1

Process in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of cells that produces ATP. Oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is made in cells through this process.

Front 2

Define ventilation

Back 2

Process that maintains concentration gradients in the alveoli by bringing fresh air (high oxygen, low carbon dioxide) into the alveoli and removing stale air (low oxygen, high carbon dioxide)

Front 3

Define respiration

Back 3

Process of removing carbon dioxide from the blood and gaining oxygen in the alveoli of the lungs.

Front 4

Why is a ventilation system needed?

Back 4

A ventilation system is needed to maintain high concentration gradients in the alveoli (air sacs within the lungs). The concentration of oxygen in the alveolus must be higher than in the neighboring capillaries so that oxygen will diffuse into the blood. The ventilation system is required to bring oxygen-rich air into the lungs. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the alveolus must be lower than in the neighboring capillaries so that carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the blood. The ventilation system is required to remove carbon dioxide rich air from the lungs, thus keeping the carbon dioxide concentration in the alveoli relatively low.

Front 5

What features of alveoli adapt them to gas exchange?

Back 5

1. By having many alveoli, a large total surface area is created. A larger surface area allows gas exchange to happen more efficiently. (In general, anything done at the cell or tissue level to increase surface area has the functional purpose of increased efficiency of absorption or release of a substance (or heat…like elephant ears)) 2. The wall of each alveolus is a single layer of flattened cells. This reduces the distance that oxygen and carbon dioxide need to diffuse in order to get to/from the capillaries, thus increasing the efficiency of gas exchange 3. There is a film of moisture on the inner surface of the alveolus. This is necessary so that the oxygen gas can dissolve in water, which allows it to then diffuse into the cell. 4. There is a dense network of capillaries next to each air sac. Oxygen and carbon dioxide need to be exchanged between the blood and the air, so close proximity of many blood vessels to the alveolar air sacs allows this to happen efficiently (In general, any part with

Front 6

Explain the mechanism of ventilation for inhalation including changes in volume, changes in pressure, and muscles

Back 6

Inspiration (inhaling): external intercostal muscles contract to expand the ribcage (up and out), diaphragm contracts (moves down and flattens), these muscular contractions increase the volume of the thorax (chest cavity), the increase in volume causes a decrease in pressure (The pressure inside the thorax becomes lower than the atmospheric pressure), air flows from higher pressure (outside the lungs) to lower pressure (inside the lungs) until the pressures become equal. Abdominal muscles relax during inhalation

Front 7

Explain the mechanism of ventilation for exhalation including changes in volume, changes in pressure, and muscles

Back 7

Expiration (exhaling): internal intercostal muscles contract to move the ribcage back down and in, diaphragm relaxes (moves up and into a dome shape), these muscular movements decrease the volume of the thorax (chest cavity), the decrease in volume causes a increase in pressure. (the pressure inside the thorax becomes higher than the atmospheric pressure), air flows from higher pressure (inside the lungs) to lower pressure (outside the lungs) until the pressures become equal. Abdominal muscles contract during exhalation.

Front 8

If volume decreases in the chest, what happens to the pressure?

Back 8

Pressure increases, this happens during expiration/exhalation. (The reverse is true in inspiration)

Front 9

What does the diaphragm do during ventilation?

Back 9

Contracts and moves down to cause inhalation; relaxes and moves up to cause exhalation

Front 10

What do the intercostal muscles do during ventilation?

Back 10

external intercostal muscles contract to cause ribcage to expand, allowing air as part of inhalation; internal intercostal muscles contract and cause the ribcage to move back down and in as part of exhalation

Front 11

What do the abdominal muscles do during ventilation?

Back 11

relax during inhalation; contract during exhalation

Front 12

Air flows from areas of ______ pressure to areas of _____ pressure.

Back 12

high, low

Front 13

Using the diagram, what is the path an oxygen molecule takes as it is inhaled?

Back 13

2, 7, 3, 1, 6, 5, to alveolar air sac 11, 10 (capillary)

Front 14

Using the diagram, what is the path an carbon dioxide molecule takes as it is exhaled?

Back 14

10 (in capillary), 11, 5, 6, 1, 3, 7, 2

Front 15

What is number 1 on the respiratory anatomy diagram?

Back 15

trachea

Front 16

What is number 2 on the respiratory anatomy diagram?

Back 16

nasal sinus

Front 17

What is number 3 on the respiratory anatomy diagram?

Back 17

larynx

Front 18

What is number 4 on the respiratory anatomy diagram?

Back 18

(right) lung

Front 19

What is number 5 on the respiratory anatomy diagram?

Back 19

bronchioles

Front 20

What is number 6 on the respiratory anatomy diagram?

Back 20

bronchus (bronchii for plural)

Front 21

What is number 7 on the respiratory anatomy diagram?

Back 21

pharynx

Front 22

What is number 8 on the respiratory anatomy diagram?

Back 22

diaphragm location

Front 23

What is number 9 on the respiratory anatomy diagram?

Back 23

intercostal muscle location (between ribs)

Front 24

What is number 10 on the respiratory anatomy diagram?

Back 24

capillary

Front 25

What is number 11 on the respiratory anatomy diagram?

Back 25

alveolar air sac