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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define oogenesis
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The production of eggs within the ovaries
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Define spermatogenesis
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The production of sperm in the seminiferous tubules in the testes
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In what order are these cells developed?: Spermatid, spermatagonia, spermatoza, spermatocyte
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1. Spermatagonia
2. Spermatocyte 3. Spermatid 4. Spermatoza |
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In what order are these cells developed?: Primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, oogonia
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1. Oogonia
2. Primary oocyte 3. Secondary oocyte |
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Define primodial follicles in oogenesis
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unmature follicles that contain primary oocyte egg cells arrested in prophase I
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What hormone does the corpus luteum produce?
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Progesterone
some eostrogen |
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What is the purpose of sertoli cells?
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To provide nurishment to developing spermatoza
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What does the hormone FSH do during the menstrual cycle?
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Triggers the continued division of a few primary oocytes
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Describe the function and features of the zona pellucida in eggs
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* Jelly layer made from glycoprotein
* Acts as a sperm barrier |
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Describe the function and features of the corona radiata in eggs
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* External layer of the egg
* provides support and nourishment |
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Describe the function of the cortical granulles in eggs
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After fertilization, releases its contents causing the cortical reaction to prevent polyspermy
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Describe the function of the acrosome cap in sperm
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Contains enzymes needed to break past the jelly barrier/zona pellucida in eggs
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What is external fertilization?
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The fusion of gametes outside the body of a parent, common in aquatic life
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Describe capacitation and its purpose during intercourse and
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* When chemicals released by the uterus dissolve the sperms cholesterol coat
* Improves sperm motility * destables the acrosome cap to improve acrosome reaction |
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Describe the acrosome reaction during fertilization
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* The sperm breaks through the zona pellucida using enzymes stored in the acrosome cap
* the acrosome fuses with the jelly coat and releases enzymes that soften the glycoprotein * the sperm can now reach the exposed docking protein on the eggs membrane |
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Describe the cortical reaction post fertilization
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* After fertilization, cortical granulles release enzymes into the zona pellucida to harden and thicken the glycoprotein layer, to prevent ad
* this also destroys the sperm docking proteins. |
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What is the function of FSH? |
* Stimulate follicle growth |
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What is the function of LH? |
* causes ovulation |
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What is the function of estrogen?
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* Thickens the uterine lining/ endometrium * inhibits FSH and LH for most of cycle * Stimulates FSH and LH release pre-ovulation |
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What is the function of progesterone? |
* Thickens uterine lining/ endometrium |
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Where is FSH and LH produced?
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Anterior pituitary gland |
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Where is estrogen and progesterone produced? |
The ovaries |
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What are the 4 main stages in the menstrual cycle?
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1. Follicular phase 3. Luteal phase 4. Menstruation |
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What are the key events in the follicular phase in the menstrual cycle? |
* FSH stimulates follicle growth * The dominant follicle produced estrogen, which inhibits FSH to prevent other follicles from growing (negative feedback) * Estrogen thickens the uterine lining |
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What are the key events during ovulation in the menstrual cycle? |
* Estrogen stimulates the production of FSH and LH (positive feedback) * Results in small surge of FSH and big surge of LH * LH causes the dominant follicle to rapture and release an egg (ovulation) |
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What are the key events during the luteal phase in the menstrual cycle? |
* Raptured follicle degenerates into corpus luteum * progesteron and estrogen thicken the endometrial lining * Estrogen and progesterone inhibit FSH and LH (no follicle development) |
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What are the key events during the menstruation phase in the menstrual cycle? (if no pregnency occurs) |
* Corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans * with the corpus luteum gone, estrogen and progesterone drop * the endometrium is no longer maintened and sheds (period) * LH and FSH levels rise to start the cycle again (no longer inhibited by estrogen and progesterone) |
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In what stage/s during menstrual cycle does estrogen inhibit FSH? |
Follicular phase, to prevent follicles other than the dominant follicle from developing |
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In what stage/s during menstrual cycle does estrogen inhibit FSH and LH? (anterior pituitary) |
Luteal phase, to prevent follicles from developing |
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In what stage/s during menstrual cycle does estrogen stimulates the anterior pituitary? |
Ovulation, to stimulate a surge of FH and FSH causing ovulation |
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In what stage/s during menstrual cycle does both estrogen and progesterone levels drop? |
Menstruation, when the corpus luteum degenerates |
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Which hormones trigger the dominant follicle to rapture? |
FH (large amount) FSH (small amount) |
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In what stage/s during menstrual cycle does estrogen levels drop? |
Ovulation, as the raptured follicle stops producing estrogen |
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In what stage/s during menstrual cycle does progesterone levels rise? |
Luteal phase, with the development of the corpus luteum |
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In what stage/s during menstrual cycle does estrogen levels rise? |
Follicular phase, when estrogen is produced by developing follicles Luteal phase (only slight rise) from the corpus luteum |
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Arrange in order of development After fertilization: Morula, Blastocyte, Zygote |
Zygote Morula Blastocyte |
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What produces HCG? |
The implanted blastocyte in the endometrium |
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What is the function of HCG?
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Stimulates the production of progesterone to maintain the corpus luteum and the endometrium |
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What is the importance of the maintained corpus luteum during early pregnancy? |
* Continues producing progesterone and estrogen * Estrogen inhibits FSH and LH and prevents follicle development * progesterone maintains the endometrium and thickens the curvix |
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What is the role of oxytocin during birth? |
Causes uterine muscles to contract |
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What hormones does the placenta produce? |
Progestrone |
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How is exchanged material transported from the placenta to foetus? |
through chorionic villi, via the umbilical cord and into the foetus |
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Which materials does the fetus transport to the mothers blood? |
Carbon dioxide urea hormones |
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Which materials are transported from the mother to fetus? |
Nutrients, oxygen, water, antibodies, vitamins |
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Which hormones does the placenta produce? |
Estrogen and progesterone |
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What is the role of estrogen during fetus development? (produced by the placenta) |
* growth of uterine muscles
* development of mammary glands |
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What is the role of progesterone during fetus development? (produced by the placenta) |
* maintaining the endometrium * reducing uterine contractions * reduces potential maternal immune responses |
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What happens to progesterone and estrogen nearing time of birth? |
Drops
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Describe the positive feedback loop reinforced by oxytocin |
* Baby pushes against cervix, causing it to stretch * Stretching is detected by receptors which signal the brain * Brain stimulates the posterior pituitary to release oxytocin * oxytocin causes uterus muscles to contract, causing the baby to push against the curvix |
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Describe the role of estriol during late pregnency |
* raises the sensitivity of the uterus muscles to oxytocin * inhibits progesterone, which was preventing muscle contraction |
