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29 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Hyoid bone

Assoicated with skull but not directly in contact with any other bone 
Lies inferior to the mandible in anterior neck
The only bone with no direct articulation with any other bone 
Acts as a moveable  base for the tongue

Assoicated with skull but not directly in contact with any other bone


Lies inferior to the mandible in anterior neck


The only bone with no direct articulation with any other bone


Acts as a moveable base for the tongue





Vertebral column

Formed from 26 bones in the adult


Transmit weight of trunk to the lower limbs


Surronds and protects the spinal cord


Serves as attachment sites for muscles of neck and back

Five major regions of Vetebral column

7 cervical vertebrae of the neck region
12 Thoracic vertebrae 
5 lumbar vertebrae
1 sacrum (5 fused bone= 1 bone )
1 coccynx  inferior to saccum

7 cervical vertebrae of the neck region


12 Thoracic vertebrae


5 lumbar vertebrae


1 sacrum (5 fused bone= 1 bone )


1 coccynx inferior to saccum

Normal curvatures of vertebral column

Cervial and lumbar curvatures concave posteriorly


Thoracic and sacral curvatures : convex posteriorly

Ligaments which stabilize the vertebral column

Anterior longitudinal ligaments: wide and attach strongly to both boney vertebrae and intervertebral discs and prevent hypertension of back ( prevent leaning back ) 
Posterior longitudinal ligament : narrow , relatively weak, and attaches only to ...

Anterior longitudinal ligaments: wide and attach strongly to both boney vertebrae and intervertebral discs and prevent hypertension of back ( prevent leaning back )


Posterior longitudinal ligament : narrow , relatively weak, and attaches only to the vetebral disc and prevents hyperflexion of back


Ligamentum flavum : contains elastic connective tissue and connects lamina of adjacent vertebrae



Intervertebral disc : Cushion-like pads between vertebrae

Nucleus pulposus
Gelatinous inner sphere
Absorbs compressive shock 
Anulus Fibrous
Outer rings formed of ligament
Innter ring formed of fibrocartilage
These rings function to contain the nuclues pulposus

Nucleus pulposus


Gelatinous inner sphere


Absorbs compressive shock


Anulus Fibrous


Outer rings formed of ligament


Innter ring formed of fibrocartilage


These rings function to contain the nuclues pulposus

Common structures of vertebrae

Body
Vertebral arch
Vertebral foramen 
Spinous process
Transverse process
Superior and interior articular processes 
Intervertebral foramena- between every pair of vertebrae are two apertures (openings) which allow for the passage of the spinal...

Body


Vertebral arch


Vertebral foramen


Spinous process


Transverse process


Superior and interior articular processes


Intervertebral foramena- between every pair of vertebrae are two apertures (openings) which allow for the passage of the spinal nerve root , dorsal root ganglion

Vertebral region characteristic

Specific regions of the spine perform specific functions


Types of movement that may occur between vertebrae


Flexion and extension


Lateral flexion


Rotation in the long axis

Cervical Vertebrae

seven cervical vertebrae C1-C7 are the lightest vertebrae in the spine 
Body: small and wide ( laterally)
Spinuous process: short and bifid (except C7) and project posteriorally
Vertebral foramen : triangular and large 
Tranverse processes : Conta...

seven cervical vertebrae C1-C7 are the lightest vertebrae in the spine


Body: small and wide ( laterally)


Spinuous process: short and bifid (except C7) and project posteriorally


Vertebral foramen : triangular and large


Tranverse processes : Contains foramina


Superior facets directed superposteriorly


Inferior facets directed inferoanteriorly


Spine region with the greatest range of motion with the folowing movment allowed : flexion, extension , lateral flexion, rotation





The Atlas C1

lacks a body and spinous process
supports the skull
- superior articular facets receive the occipital condyle 
- Allows flextion and extension of neck , nodding the head yes 

lacks a body and spinous process


supports the skull


- superior articular facets receive the occipital condyle


- Allows flextion and extension of neck , nodding the head yes



Axis C2

Has a body and spinous process

Has a body and spinous process



Den of C2

Dens - is a knoblike structure which projects superiorly from the body of axis and is cradlled in the anterior arch of the atlas

- acts as a pivot for rotation of the atlas and skull , ( rotating the head from side to side ) 

Dens - is a knoblike structure which projects superiorly from the body of axis and is cradlled in the anterior arch of the atlas




- acts as a pivot for rotation of the atlas and skull , ( rotating the head from side to side )

Comparison ( IMPORTANT )

Thoracic Vertebrae

All articulate with ribs


Body: larger than cervical bodies and heart shaped from superior view


Spinous processes are long and point inferiorly


Vertebral foramen are circular

Costal Facets of Thoracic Verebrae which interface with ribs

Inferior costal facet for head of rib 
Superior costal facet for head of rib 
Transverse costal facet for tubercle of rib except T11 and T 12
Each of these above three facets are presented on both sides of vetebrae , so each vertebrae has a tot...

Inferior costal facet for head of rib


Superior costal facet for head of rib


Transverse costal facet for tubercle of rib except T11 and T 12


Each of these above three facets are presented on both sides of vetebrae , so each vertebrae has a total of 6 facets that interface with ribs


The head of a rib is attached to the bodies of two vertebrae , the inferior costal facet of the superior vertebrae and the superior costal facet of the inferior vertebrae



Connections between Thoraic Vertebral Bodies

Laterally each side of the vertebral body bears two facets( demifacets) , one at the superior edge and one at the inferior edge


These demifacets interface with vertebral bodies above and below


Superior articular facets point posteriorly


Inferior articular processes point anteriorly


Allows rotation and limits flexion and extension

The thoracic cage

Forms the framework of the chest


Components


Thoracic vertebrae - posteriorly


Ribs - laterally


Sternum and costal cartilage - anteriorly


Protects throacic organs


Supports shoulder gridle and upper limbs


Provides attachment sites for muscle



Sternum has 3 sections

Manubrium - superior section: articulates with medial end of clavicles and rib 1
Body - Bulk of sternum: sides are notched  at articulation for costal cartilage of ribs 2-7
Xiphoid process - inferior end of sternum ossifies around age 40

Manubrium - superior section: articulates with medial end of clavicles and rib 1


Body - Bulk of sternum: sides are notched at articulation for costal cartilage of ribs 2-7


Xiphoid process - inferior end of sternum ossifies around age 40



Sternum : anatomical marks

Jugular notch : central indentation at superior border of the manubrium


Sternal angle : Horizontal ridge where manubrium joins the body of the sternum


Xiphisternal joint - where sternal body and xiphoid process fuse at the level of the 9th thoracic vertebra

Ribs attach to vertebral column posteriorly

Ribs pair 1-7- superior 7 pairs of ribs which attach to sternum by coastal cartilage


Rib pair 8-10 - pairs if rubs which attach to the sternum indirectly


Rib pair 11-12 ( floating ribs) - are not attached to the sternum


Ribs 8-12 are sometimes called false ribs because they attach to the sternum indirectly or not at all

Lumbar vertebrae

Bodies - are thick and robust


Transverse process are thin and tapered and nearly perpendicular to spinous process


Spinuous processes are thick, blunt and point posteriorly


Vertebral foramina - are triangular


Superior articular facets face posteromedially or medially


Inferior articular facets face anterolatterally or laterally


Allows flexion and extension


Rotation is prevented

Sacrum (S1-S5)

Shaped the posterior wall of pelvis


Formed from 5 fused vertebrae


Superior surface articulates with L5


Inferiorly articulates with coccyx

Sacrum ( anterior view )

Sacral promontory - where the anterosuperior margin of the first sacral vertebrae bulges into pelvic cavity




Human body's center of gravity is 1 cm posterior to sacral vertebrae




Four transverse ridges - cross the anterior surface of the sacrum, marking the lines of fusion of sacral vertebrae




Sacral spinal nerves pass through the sacral formaina

Sacrum ( posterior view )

Facets of superior articular processes 
On the posterior surface in the midline is the bumpy median sacral crest which represents the fused spinuous processes of the sacral vertebrae 
Lateral to the medial sacral crest are the sacral foramina t...

Facets of superior articular processes


On the posterior surface in the midline is the bumpy median sacral crest which represents the fused spinuous processes of the sacral vertebrae


Lateral to the medial sacral crest are the sacral foramina through which sacral spinal nerves pass


Ala - wing are in superior lateral part of sacrum




The alae articulate with the hip bones and form the sacroilac joints which are sites where the axial skeleton bone (sacrum) interfaces with an appendicular skeleton bone ( ileum of coxal)






Bones of the Pelvic Gridle

Coccynx

Is the tail bone


Formed from 3-5 fused vertebrae


Offers only slight support to pelvic organs


Long filament of connective tissue (filum terminale) attaches the coccynx which helps anchor spinal cord in place

Fontanelles

Fontanelles - are unossified remnants of membranes present at birth


Anterior , posterior , mastoid and sphenoidal fontanelles


Allows skulls to be safely compressed and molded as infant passes through narrow birth canal


A visible arterial pulse may be seen in the fontanelles and can look like "fountain"


Fontanelles tend to be replaced by bone by the end of the 1st year however anterior fontanelle may take 1.5 to 2 years to ossify and close

Skull and face growth

9 months of age : skull 1/2 adult size


2 years of age : skull 3/4 adult size


8-9 years - cranium almost adult size


6-13 years - accelerated growth of jaws cheekbones, large permanent teeth, nose and paranasal sinuses

Axial skeleton throughout life

water content of the intervetebral discs decrease with age


by age 55 loss of a few cm in height is common


thorax becomes more rigid as costal cartilage gradually ossifies


Bone lose mass with age