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181 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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One hemoglobin molecule contains _____ heme groups: each heme group normally combines with one molecule of _______
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4 oxygen
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The hormone _______ stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells, this hormone is secreted by the _______
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erythropoietin kidneys
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Old red blood cells are destroyed by the ______ system, which includes these three organs:
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reticubendothelial. spleen, liver, and bone marrow
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heme derived from hemoglobin, minus the iron is converted into a different pigment, known as ______; an accumulation of this pigment can cause a yellowing known as ________
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bilirubin jaundice
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Define the term hematocrit
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the ratio of the volume of packed red blood cells to the total blood volume
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The molecule formed by the binding of oxygen to deoxyhemoglobin is
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oxyhemoglobin
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A hemoglobin molecule containing oxidized iron (Fe3++) is called _______
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methemoglobin
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a molecule formed from the combination of hemoglobin and carbon monoxide is
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carboxyhemoglobin
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a general term for an abnormally low red blood cell count or hemoglobin concentration
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anemia
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the most common cause of anemia is
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iron deficiency
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Polymorphonuclear with poorly staining granules
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neutrophil
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agranular with round nucleus, little cytoplasm
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lymphocyte
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granules with affinity for red stain
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eosinophil
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rarest white blood cell
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basophil
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agranular and phagocytic
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monocyte
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antibodies are produced by ______ lymphocytes: cell mediated immunity is provided by ______ lymphocytes
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B T
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White blood cells leave capillaries by a process called
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diapedesis
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The major phagocytic white blood cells are the _____
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neutrophils
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Molecules that activate the immune system are called
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antigens
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Antigens that are present and absent on the surface of a red blood cell if the person is type A negative
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Present A Absent B and Rh
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Antigens that are present and absent on the surface of a red blood cell if the person is type O positive
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Present Rh Absent A and B
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Antigens that are present and absent on the surface of a red blood cell if the person is type AB negative
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Present AB Absent Rh
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If a person has type A, the possible genotypes that a person may have are ______ and _______
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AA and AO
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If a person who is blood type O marries a person who is blood type A, what are the possible blood types their children could have
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A or O
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The universal blood donor is what blood type
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O
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The rarest blood type is
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AB negative
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The most common Rh type is
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Rh positive
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The person most in danger of having a child who develops erythroblastosis fetalis is a woman who has blood type ______ when her husband has the blood type ______
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Rh positive Rh negative
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The factor that starts the extrinsic clotting pathways is
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tissue thromboplastin
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which clotting pathway is faster
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extrinsic pathway
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the factor that converts fibrinogen into fibrin is
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thrombin
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thrombin is derived from
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prothrombin
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which vitamin is needed for the formation of some of the clotting factors
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vitamin K
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citric acid is an anticoagulant because it __________
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removes calcium ions (Ca2+)
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The _________ test is used to detect defects in the extrinsic clotting system, whereas the ________ test is used to detect defects in the intrinsic clotting system
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prothrombin time activated prothrombin time
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in the formation of a platelet plug, platelets release
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ADP
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the general category of disorders in which a person's clotting time is abnormally long
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hemophilia
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endogenous substance that makes the heart beat faster and stronger
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epinephrine
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makes the heart beat slower and stronger
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digitalis
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facilitates the release of ACh from parasympathetic nerve endings
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pilocarpine
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mimics the action of epinephrine by inhibiting the action of phosphodiesterase
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caffeine
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stimulates the acetylcholine receptors of autonomic ganglia
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nicotine
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blocks the acetylcholine receptors for the target cells of postganglionic neurons
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atropine
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the drug that helps people with atrial fibrillation
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digitalis glycosides
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the drug used by ophthalmologists to dilate pupils
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atropine
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the term hyperkalemia means
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high blood potassium
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The pacemaker region of the heart is the
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SA node
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the conducting tissue of the heart located in the interventricular septumis the
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atrioventricular bundle
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The electrical event that procuces P waves
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depolarization of the atria
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the electrical events that produce QRS waves
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depolarization of the ventricles
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the electrical events that produce T waves
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repolarization of the ventricles
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the electrical synapses between adjacent myocardial cells are called
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gap junctions
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an abnormally fast rate of beat is called ______; an abnormally slow rate is called ________
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tachycardia bradycardia
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an abnormally long P-R interval indicates a condition called
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first degree heart block
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Leads I, II, and III are collectively called the _______ ________ leads
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standard limb
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Which ECG wave must occur before the ventricles can contract
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QRS
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Which ECG wave must occur before the ventricles can relax
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T
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the ECG wave that occurs at the beginning of ventricular systole is the _______ wave
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QRS
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The ECG wave that occurs at the end of systole and the beginning of diastole is the _____ wave
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T
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The ECG wave completed just before the end of ventricular diastole is the ________ wave
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P
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the nerve that increases the rate of discharge of the SA node is a ___________ nerve
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sympathetic
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the specific nerve that when stimulated causes a decrease in the cardiac rate is the ____________
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parasympathetic nerve
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the scientific term for insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle is
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ischemia
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Depolarization of the atria produces the ____ wave
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P
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the difference in polarity between the interventricular septum and the lateral walls of the ventricles produces the _________ wave
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G to the R
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the mean electrical axis is determined using two bipolar limb leads, lead ______ and lead _______
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I and III
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hypertrophy of the left ventricle would shift the mean axis of depolarization to the __________________
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left ventricle
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a blockage in conduction in the right branch of the bundle of ____________ would cause the mean axis of depolarization to shift to the _________
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His right
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The scientific term for listening carefully with a stethoscope is
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auscultation
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The first heart sound (lub) is caused by
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valves closing
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during which phase of the cardiac cycle (systole or diastole) does the first heart sound occur
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systole
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the second heart sound is caused by
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semi lunar valves closing
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the second heart sound occurs at the _________ of __________
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beginning diastole
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abnormal heart sounds are called
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heart murmur
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the first heart sound (lub) is correlated with which ECG wave
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QRS
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the second heart sound (dub) is correlated with which ECG wave
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T
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When blood pressure measurements are taken, the first sound of korotkoff occurs when the cuff pressure equals the ___________ pressure
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systolic
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the last korotkoff sound occurs when the cuff pressure equals the _______ pressure
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diastolic
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the sounds of korotkoff are produced by
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vibrations in the artery caused by turbulance
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Suppose a person's blood pressure is 168/112. what is the systolic pressure
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168
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Suppose a person's blood pressure is 168/112. what is the diastolic pressure
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112
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the arterial blood pressure is directly proportional to two factors: the __________ and the __________
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cardiac output and the peripheral resistance
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the scientific name of the device used to take a blood pressure reading
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sphygmomanometer
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as a person gets older the maximum cardiac rate _______
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falls
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if a person has athletes bradycardia, the resting heart rate is ________ than the average
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lower
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bradycardia is caused by
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endurance training
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define aerobic capacity
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maximum rate of oxygen consumption by the body
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define lactate threshold
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levels of lactic acid
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the primary cause of the higher aerobic capacity of endurance trained athletes is
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they have a higher rate of oxygen delivery
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maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration
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vital capacity
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maximum amount of air that can be expired after a normal expiration
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expiratory reserve volume
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maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration
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inspiratory capacity
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amount of air left in the lungs after a maximum expiration
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residual volume
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category of pulmonary disorders in which the alveoli are normal but there is an abnormally high resistance to air flow
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obstructive disorder
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an example if an obstructive disorder is
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asthma
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a pulmonary function test for obstructive disorders is the ________________ test
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forced expiratory
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the net diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide in opposite directions across the wall of alveoli is known as
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gas exchange
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define tidal volume
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the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal breath
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the total minute volume is obtained by multiplying the ________ by the ____________
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tidal volume frequency of breathing
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the peripheral chemoreceptors include the ________ and the ________
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aortic carotid bodies
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the stimulus that directly activates the peripheral chemoreceptors is
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a rise in plasma pH
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define hypernea
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increased total minute volume of exercise
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hypoventilation may be operationally defined as
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abnormally increased plasma carbon dioxide level
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in the lungs, normal hemoglobin without oxygen or__________ binds to oxygen to become __________
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deoxyhemoglobin oxyhemoglobin
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the type of hemoglobin bound to carbon monoxide
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carboxyhemoglobin
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the type of hemoglobin where the heme iron is in the oxidized Fe2+ state
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methemoglobin
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what is the normal percent oxyhemoglobin saturation of arterial blood
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97%
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a graph of the absorbance of light as a function of the wavelength of light is called
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an absorption spectrum
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the different forms of hemoglobin can be distinguished visually from their different
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colors
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a solution with a H+ concentration of 10^-9 molar has a pH of
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9
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hypoventilation produces a condition called respiratory _________; hyperventilation produces a condition called respiratory __________
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acidosis alkalosis
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Define acid
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has a higher H+ concentration and a lower ph
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define base
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has a lower H+ concentration and a higher pH
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define acidosis
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the carbonic acid level tends to rise and the pH falls
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define alkalosis
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the carbonic level falls and the pH rises
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what is the normal measurement of arterial carbon dioxide levels
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40 mmHg
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the free bicarbonate in the plasma serves as the major ________ of the blood
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buffer
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the enzyme in red blood cells that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid is ______________
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carbonic anhydrase
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osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus of the brain are stimulated by a(n) ___________ in the plasma osmotic pressure
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increase
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as a result of stimulation the osmoreceptors stimulate the secretion of ___________ from the ____________ gland
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antidiuretic hormone posterior pituitary
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antidiuretic hormone stimulates the kidneys to
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reabsorb water
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the hormone that stimulates the reabsorption of Na+ from the nephron tubules and also stimulates the secretion of K+ into the tubules is
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aldosterone
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the substance that stimulates vasoconstriction and also stimulates the secretion of aldosterone is
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angiotensin II
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the measurement that is 1.000 fro pure water and that increases in proportion to the general solute concentration of a solution
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specific gravity
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Molecule in the plasma that is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted
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insulin
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Molecule in the plasma that is filtered and partially reabsorbed
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urea
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Molecule in the plasma that is filtered and completely secreted
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para-aminohippuric acid
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Molecule in the plasma that is not filtered to a significant degree
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protein
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Identify the substance from the description of the renal plasma clearance: greater than zero but less than the GFR for
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urea
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Identify the substance from the description of the renal plasma clearance: equal to the GRF for _______
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insulin
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Identify the substance from the description of the renal plasma clearance: only slightly greater than the GFR for
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creatinine
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Identify the substance from the description of the renal plasma clearance: equal to the total plasma flow rate to the kidneys for
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PAH
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normally not filtered
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protein
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filtered then normally completely reabsorbed
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glucose
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derived from fat breakdown
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ketone bodies
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derived from heme groups of hemoglobin
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bilirubin
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common cells found in normal urine sediment are
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epithelial cells
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an abnormal component of urine sediment, formed from protein is
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casts
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cause for proteinuria
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an abnormal increase in the permeability of the glomeruli
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cause of glycosuria
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the blood glucose level exceeds a certain limit
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cause of ketonuria
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the production of ketone bodies from fatty acid metabolism
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cause of bilirubinuria
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jaundice due to liver disease or bile duct obstruction
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the cells of the gastric mucosa that secrete HCL
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parietal cells
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the cells of the gastric mucosa that secrete pepsinogen
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chief cells
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the cells of the gastric mucosa that secrete histamine
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enterochromaffin like cells
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The three components of the mucosa layer of the digestive tract are the
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inner epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa
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Microscopic fingerlike projections of mucosa in the small intestine are called
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villi
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The foldings of the plasma membrane of intestinal epithelial cells that produce the brush border are called
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microvilli
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blood is transported from the intestine to the liver in a large vessel known as the
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hepatic portal vein
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once blood has reached the liver it travels through large capillaries called
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sinusoids
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the microscopic exocrine units of the pancreas are called ________; the endocrine structures are known as the _________
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acini islets of Langerhans
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the glands in the duodenum that secrete an alkaline mucous
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Brunners glands
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starch is partially digested into maltose by the action of
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salivary amylase
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the enzyme in gastric juice that partially digests proteins is ________; this enzyme has a pH optimum of ___________
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pepsin less than 2
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Which food group, carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins, is not digested significantly until it reaches the small intestine
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lipid
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bile is produced by the
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liver
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what is the function of bile salts
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emulsify lipids
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the particles consisting of a combination of triglycerides and protein, secreted by intestinal epithelial cells into the central lacteals of the villi are called
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chylomicrons
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Chemical reactions in the body that break down fat, glycogen, and protein for energy comprise a subcategory of metabolism known as
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catabolism
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fat provides ________ kilocalories per gram, whereas carbohydrates and protein provide ________ kilocalories per gram
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4 9
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for optimum health most of the calories consumed in a diet should come from
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carbohydrates
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vitamins A, D, E, and K are grouped together as the ____________ vitamins
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fat soluble
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the lowest rate of energy expenditure of the body is called the
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basal metabolic rate BMR
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a measurement of body fat that involves a height to weight ratio is called the
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body mass index BMI
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The stage of the estrous cycle characterized by the appearance of cornified epithelial cells is called the ________ phase
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estrus
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in the estrus phase which ovarian hormone is secreted in high amounts
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estrogen
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the phase of the human menstrual cycle that corresponds to the estrus phase is the ________ phase
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ovulatory
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the stage of the estrous cycle in which estrogen and progesterone secretion declines is called the ________ phase
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diestrus
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the phase of the human menstrual cycle that corresponds with the diestrus phase is the ______ phase
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menstrual
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the proliferative phase of the indometrium occurs during the ________ phase of the ovarian cycle
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follicular
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the secretory phase of the endometrium occurs during the _______ phase of the ovarian cycle
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luteal
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menstruation is caused by a(n) _________ in the secretion of estrogen and progesterone
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decrease
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the structure that secretes estrogen and progesterone for the first 10 weeks of pregnancy is the
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corpus luteum of the ovary
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the hormone tested for in a pregnancy is
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HCG
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the hormone HGC is produced by the
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blastocyst (embryo)
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the hormone HCG has an action similar to which pituitary hormone
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luteinizing hormone
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chromosomes other than sex chromosomes are called __________ chromosomes
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autosomal
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if a person has two identical genes for a trait the person is said to be
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homozygous
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if a person inherits a different gene from one parent that the other for a trait the person is said to be
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heterozygous
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genes inherited on the X chromosome code for _________ traits
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sex linked
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the physical manifestation of a genotype is called a
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phenotype
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