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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Grow 2-3” per year
Avg. 10-year-old: 85 lbs, 11 lbs more than 40 years ago More sedentary Most play informal; 77% engage in unorganized physical activity |
Physical Development
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Affects 16% 6-11 year olds
Poorer heath (hypertension, diabetes), depression, social isolation, adult obesity Prevention: Less screen time, healthy meals, more activity, involve whole family |
Obesity
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Begin to understand illness
18% suffer from chronic conditions (asthma) 2.2 million children worldwide have HIV; quality treatment forestalls symptoms Accidents leading cause of death |
Health
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Concrete Operational stage: Age 7
Use reasoning to solve problems Less egocentric, can consider several aspects of situation at a time Limited to real, here & now situations |
Piaget
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Spatial relationships, time, distances
Categorization Reasoning (inductive & deductive) Conservation Numbers |
Cognitive Advances
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By 7, consider intent
By 12, consider equity(one’s individual circumstances) in judging right from wrong Better understand others’ points of view |
Moral Reasoning
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Store more info in working memory, better recall
Mnemonics: Strategies for remembering External aids: Lists, notes Rehearsal: Practicing Organization: Placing items into categories Elaboration: Making up stories, songs, scenes |
Memory
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Good predictor of school achievement (high IQ = good grades)
Criticisms: IQ tests not valid for kids who: Work slowly Have learning disabilities Test achievement (what they know), not ability |
Intelligence
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Schooling:
IQ higher during school year than summer, IQ lower for kids who miss years of schooling Ethnicity/ Culture: African-Am children average 15 points lower; lower grades; Hispanic-Am in middle |
Influences
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Linguistic ability (language)
Logical/mathematical skills Spatial skills (understanding space) Musical Bodily-kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal |
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
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Pragmatics: Better at telling detailed stories; conversation
Reading: Identify words through DECODING (sounding it out) or VISUALLY-BASED RETRIEVAL (recognizing & remembering the word) |
Language & Literacy
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Self-confidence, attention, participation most important factors in success
Self-efficacy Gender: Girls repeat fewer grades, better behavior, better in reading/writing Parenting SES: Need to provide stimulating home environment (books, motivation) Educational system: Small classes & schools; computer access; more homeschooling Culture: East Asian cultures place more emphasis on schooling |
Influences on School Achievement
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18% US population speak a language other than English at home
Educational approaches: English immersion: Exposed only to English Bilingual education: First taught in native language, gradually introduced to English Dual-language learning: All students in same classroom, learn both languages together |
Second-Language Education
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Mental retardation
IQ below 70, communication problems, social skills, self-care Dyslexia Reading disability, most common, probably caused by brain’s ability to apply sounds to letters; normal to high IQ |
Learning Problems
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Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Affects 2-11% children Inattention, distractibility, impulsiveness, frustration, inability to control behavior 80% heritability Brain areas devoted to impulse control smaller than normal Drugs, counseling, training |
ADHD
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Integrate multiple aspects of self (academic, athletic, social, behavioral) to form overall (GLOBAL) self concept
Realistic self-descriptions Can compare real self (I have a few good friends) and ideal self (I wish I were more popular) |
The Developing Self
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Can compare self to peers
Family, peers, teachers important High self-esteem: Better able to devalue areas of weakness Low self-esteem: Fixate on negative, hesitate to challenge self |
Self-Esteem
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Coregulation: Parent & child begin to share power
Begin making own decisions, guided by parents Inductive discipline most effective (how actions affect others, humor, appreciation) Working parents: Quality of supervision most important Emotional & behavioral problems Poorer school performance Anxious or depressed parents, leading to harsher discipline, less affection & responsiveness Parents with good support systems, with high SE & who use positive parenting practices avoid these problems |
Parenting / Poverty
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Marital conflict, parent departure, changing relationships, income drop, parent remarriage
Younger children may blame self, older children feel more pressure from parents; loyalty issues Parents who share JOINT CUSTODY have best adjusted kids with higher self esteem May later fear commitment, have relationship problems, deal with mental health issues |
Divorce
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Single parent: Mother’s education, ability level, stability of home life compensate for negative effects
Stepfamilies: Adjustment hardest with more children involved, or when new child is born Gay/lesbian: No difference in emotional, psychological health of children; no more likely to be gay/lesbian themselves |
Different Families
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Same sex
Close in age Same ethnic group Same SES Boys engage in gender-typical activities (sports, e.g.), girls in cross-gender activities |
peer groups
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Build communication skills, leadership, cooperation, sociability, intimacy
New perspectives Emotional security Gender roles Groups can become cliques, reinforce prejudice against outsiders Peer pressure for negative behaviors |
Peers: The Good and The bad
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Children asked to name peers they like most & least in the class
Popular: Many positive nominations Rejected: Many negative nominations Neglected: Few nominations overall Controversial: Many + and - nominations Average: Average # of nominations overall High achievers, intelligent Helpful, kind Socially adept Not necessarily the highest status kids, but best liked |
Sociometric Popularity/Sociometrically popular kids tend to be…
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Aggressive
Withdrawn Immature Shy Low-self esteem (self-fulfilling prophesy…expect not to make friends) |
Unpopular kids
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Often same sex, age, interests
Easier for high self-esteem kids to make, keep friends Few friends in childhood = low self-esteem, depression in adulthood Girls: Fewer, but closer friends Boys: More, but less intimate friendships |
Friendship
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Hostile aggression increases in mid childhood; becomes more relational than overt
Aggressive children often disliked, but perceived as “popular” Older children see aggression as “cooler” than younger kids |
Aggression
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Instrumental/Proactive: Act deliberately, not in anger, to get what they want/achieve goal
Stops if not rewarded Reactive/Hostile: See others as trying to hurt them; strike out in retaliation (hostile attribution bias) Need help controlling anger |
Types of aggression
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Violent TV, Internet, video games, music MAY be related to aggression
Glamorized violence, no consequences or human cost; see as effective means to solve problems Violent TV at 8 = Aggression at 19 Influence stronger if kids unsupervised, believe violence is real, identifies with violent characters |
Media Violence & Aggression
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Aggression directed at a particular target, who is usually weak, vulnerable
Males tend to be physical, girls relational (gossip, exclusion) Increases through middle school, then declines |
Bullying
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD):
Disobedience, hostility toward adults Fight, argue, lose temper, blame others Conduct Disorder (CD): More severe form of ODD Repetitive antisocial acts (truancy, assaults, theft, drugs/alcohol) |
Disruptive Behavior Disorders
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School phobia:
Often environmental (teacher, schoolwork), stress related, often related to separation anxiety Social phobia/anxiety: Fear of social situations, increases with age, common in adults Generalized anxiety disorder: Worry over everything (injury, family, storms, disasters) Self-conscious, need reassurance Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Repetitive thoughts, images, compulsive behaviors Heredity, brain structure, environment |
Anxiety Disorders
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Inability to concentrate, fatigue, apathy, sleep problems, physical pain, worthlessness
20-50% have family history of depression, substance abuse, anxiety, antisocial behavior Often related to academic pressure, low self-efficacy |
Depression
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Process leading to sexual maturity (ability to reproduce)
Increase in production of sex hormones (age 6-9); body hair, faster growth, skin changes Onset: Boys 10-11, girls 9-10 |
Puberty
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Primary sex characteristics: Changes in organs necessary for reproduction
Secondary sex characteristics: Signs of sexual maturation (breasts, body hair for girls; voice & skin changes, body hair for boys |
Signs of puberty
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Begins earlier than ever, especially in industrialized nations
Girls with close father enter puberty LATER than those with raised by single mom (pheromone exposure) Weight |
influeces of timing/ puberty
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Physical activity: US teens least active
Nutrition: 16% teens overweight; body image concerns increase, especially among girls |
nutrition
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Self-starvation
Distorted body image, belief that one is fat Signs: Secret dieting, dissatisfaction after losing weight, excessive exercise, menstrual problems Genetic, biological explanations; also pressure to be thin, depression |
Anorexia Nervosa
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“Binging” (eating excessively) & “purging” (induced vomiting, laxatives, exercise)
Obsession with weight, shame about eating habits Related to lower levels of ser0t0nin (like depression) Only in western cultures |
Bulimia Nervosa
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Use of inhalants on rise, use of other drugs has declined since 1980s
Risk factors: Difficult temperament, “thrill seeker” personality, family tendencies, aggression, school problems, peer rejection, positive attitude about drug use Tobacco use has dropped among US teens 70% 12th graders have used alcohol; 1/3 have used marijuana Teens more likely to suffer cognitive impairments |
Drug Use
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Gender
Anxiety Stressful life events Chronic illness Parental abuse, neglect, conflict Family history |
Depression: Risk Factors
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Car accidents: leading cause
Suicide: 3rd leading cause Girls more likely to attempt/consider suicide; boys 5X more likely to succeed ¼ teens have considered suicide |
DEATH RISKS
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Highest level of cognitive development
Abstract thought (what might be, not just what is) Hypothetical/deductive reasoning: Can develop & test hypotheses to solve problems Development based on what individual or culture considers important, not universal |
Piaget: Formal Operations
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Idealism/Criticalness: Real world falls short of ideal; blame adults, think they can better run world
Argumentativeness: Want to use new reasoning abilities (negotiating for later curfew, e.g.) Indecisiveness: Lack strategies for choosing between alternatives (mall vs. homework) Hypocrisy: Believe in an ideal; cannot make necessary sacrifices to live up to it Self-Consciousness: Preoccupied with self, assume everyone is also thinking about them (imaginary audience) Specialness/Personal Fable: Belief that their experience is unique; that they are “special” |
Flaws in Adolescent Thought (Elkind)
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Positive self-efficacy beliefs
Authoritative parenting Peer support Educational system Gender |
Influences on School Achievement
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Boys, minorities, low-income students most susceptible
Over 50% African Am boys drop out; 60% of these dropouts end up incarcerated More likely to be unemployed, on welfare, be involved with drugs, crime Best prevention: Active engagement in school |
High School Drop Outs
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Self-efficacy beliefs, parents shape aspirations
Tend to pursue gender-stereotypical vocations (math, engineering, computers for boys; nursing, teaching, social work for girls), but more freedom today |
Post-Graduation
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Identity vs. Identity Confusion
A time to decide what to pursue (occupation, arts, sports, e.g.) Describes MALE development; claims males must develop identity BEFORE intimacy; females’ identity based on intimacy (not individual achievements) |
Identity: Erikson
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Crisis: Conscious decision making process regarding a belief, value, or occupation
Commitment: Decisions/personal investment regarding belief, value, occupation Careers, beliefs, culture, religion, politics Adolescents in one of 4 stages of identity development |
Marcia: Crisis & Commitment
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Acceptance of premarital sex, homosexuality
“Hooking up” via internet, cell phones, IM More knowledge of AIDS, STDs |
Sexuality: Changes in Attitudes
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Evidence of heritability (twin studies)
Genetic differences found in male homosexuals (size of hypothalamus) Children showing non-gender typical behavior more likely to be gay Identity confusion common, especially when feel unaccepted by family, friends |
Sexual Orientation
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Age of 1st encounter: 17 for girls, 16 for boys
Risk factors for risky sexual behavior: Low SES Early puberty Poor student; no career goals History of abuse Absence of father Exposure to sexuality through family/culture |
Sexual Behavior
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Intercourse has declined (15-17), but other forms of sexual activity MORE common
More likely to use contraception No evidence that education about birth control increases sexual activity Less than ½ 18-year-olds have spoken to parents about sex |
Info About Sex
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Birthrates & pregnancy rates have fallen dramatically since 1990
Minority teens more likely to become pregnant 56% have babies, 15% miscarry, 29% abort, few choose adoption |
Teen Pregnancy
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Be impoverished
Drop out Receive inadequate prenatal care Have low birth weight babies Have children who are depressed, become teen parents themselves |
Teen mothers are more likely
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Only 20% teens engage in reckless behavior, reject family
Most value parents, value approval Emotionality & mood swings common, especially in early adolescence (puberty, independence) |
Adolescent Rebellion
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Authoritative parents bolster self-image, help resist peer pressure
Expression of disappointment more effective than severe punishment |
Parenting
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Influence strongest in EARLY ADOLESCENCE; social system becomes complicated
Friendships: Similar characteristics, academic attitudes Rely more on friends than parents for support Related to self-esteem, school performance, sociability |
Peers /friends
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Expanded circle of friends, similar
Based on both liking AND social status; high status cliques difficult to join Crowds: Peers with common characteristic (athletes, snobs, druggies) |
Cliques
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Breakups one of strongest predictors of depression, suicide in teens
Early teens: Based more on social status than support, emotional needs Peers influence choice of partner By 16, more important than friends, family |
Juvenile Delinquency
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Accidents leading cause of death until age 44
Over 65% US adults overweight Choices in young adulthood (exercise, diet, drugs, e.g.) can affect lifelong health |
Health
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Physical activity
Sleep (deprivation dangerous) Smoking: Leading preventable cause of death in US Alcohol: 70% 21-25 year olds drink; 48% binge drinkers Drugs: Peaks at 18-20; marijuana most popular Substance abuse: 1 in 10 abuse drugs or alcohol; change brain chemistry; heritable |
Health: Influences
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Poor nutrition
Substandard housing Unhealthy lifestyles Limited health care Less exercise More alcohol, drug abuse |
Socioeconomic status
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Protective 2nd X chromosome
Estrogen Male stress Women more likely to seek medical care when necessary Men more likely to suffer life-threatening ailments (heart disease, lung cancer); but more women at risk |
Gender differences in health
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Social relationships vital to good health
Social integration: Many types of relationships (friend, neighbor, wife, daughter, co-worker, etc.) Support: Coping, information, connections Marriage: Happier, but more overweight |
Relationships
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Menstrual disorders: Affect 5-10% women
STDs Infertility: Affect 7% US couples; inability to conceive after 12-18 months; caused by low sperm production or motility, low quality eggs, endometriosis |
Sexual issues , infertility
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Higher level of abstract thinking
Questioning facts, drawing inferences, making connections between conflicting ideas Emerges in early 20s (brain’s cortical connections thicken) Most adults capable, not all use ability |
Reflective thinking
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Combines logic with experience
Experience applied to uncertain situations, inconsistencies, compromise “Immature thought sees issues in black & white, postformal thought sees shades of gray” |
Postformal thought
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Experiential: Creative insight, ideas
Contextual: Practical skills, “street smarts” Componential: Analytical ability, problem solving, test-taking Ability to solve PRACTICAL problems grows throughout midlife; academic problems more difficult |
Sternbergs theory of intelligence
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Common sense knowledge or information; not taught, but learned throughout life
Good predictor of career success Self-management (organizational skills), management of others (dealing with colleagues), management of tasks (getting things done) |
Tacit Knowledge
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Understanding of one’s own feelings & those of others
Components: Self-awareness Self-management Social awareness Relationship maintenance |
Emotional Intelligence
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Kohlberg: EXPERIENCE responsible for highest level of moral reasoning
College, travel, parenting bring real-life moral dilemmas Kohlberg’s research based only on MEN Gilligan: Theory prioritizes male values of justice & fairness over compassion, responsibility to others, caring |
Moral Reasoning kohlberg
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