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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do cyclins do?
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they effect the timing and duration of the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases
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Where are the 3 check points that cyclin-dependent kinases effects in the cell cycle?
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G1, triggers S phase
G2, triggers mitosis M (meta), triggers anaphase |
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How are cyclins triggered?
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chemicals which binds to chemical receptors on the outer surface of the plasma membrane e.g. hormones, drugs.
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What will reduce the spread of HIV?
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Screening for blood transfution.
Using condoms. Not re-using needles. HIV pos mothers not to breast feed. Encourage people to take the test. |
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Which cell does the HIV virus effect?
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T helper cell
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What is Kaposi's Sarcoma?
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a type of cancer
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What are the 5 main types of way that antibiotics kill bacteria?
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Inhibition of; Cell wall synthesis,
Protein synthesis, DNA synthesis, Folic acid sunthesis, and RNA synthesis. |
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Why i MRSA so dangerous?
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it is a superbug, and it can remain undetected in healthy people, but is life threatening for weak people.
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How can we prevent bacteria from becoming superbugs?
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only takin anitbiotics when absolutly necessary,
and always complething the course of antibiotics. |
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How can you reduce the spread of MRSA?
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Use alcohol-based hand rub between every patient contact.
use disposable gloves for each pacient, hospitals cleaned thoroughly. |
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What are the symptoms of the primary infection of TB?
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Fever, weight loss, persistant cough, feels tired
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List 4 organelles found in a prokaryotic cell
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Capsule, Pili, Plasma membrance, plasmids, cell wall, Genetic material, Ribosomes, Food stores, Flagellum
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What happens in G1 of the cell cycle?
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protiens are made, they are used to build up organelles and more cytoplasm.
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Which organ can TB infect?
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Almost any, usually lungs
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How can TB be diagnosed?
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X ray - looks cloudy
Sample of sputum (phlem) |
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What does HIV stand for?
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Human immuno-defficency virus
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What happens in S stage of the cell cycle?
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DNA is replicated
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What are proto-oncogenes for?
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stop cells dividing to often
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What reasons might apoptosis occure in healthy cells?
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Forming fingers, menstration, connections between neurones in the brain
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What happens in G2 stage of the cell cycle?
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Cell organelles grow and divide, and cell builds up its energy stores
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What happens in M stage of the cell cycle?
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The nucleus undergoes mitosis and divides
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What is apoptosis?
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Cell suicide
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What makes a nucleotide in DNA?
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a posphate group,
a 5 carbon suger (deoxyribose) a organic nitrogenous base |
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What happens in metaphase?
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Centrioles release spindle fiberes made of micro tubles, these attach to centromeres pulling chromosomes to center of cell.
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What are adenine and guanine?
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purine bases
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What is Thymine and cytosine?
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pyrimadine bases
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What is it called when DNA copys itself?
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semi-conservitive replication
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what happens in prophase?
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chromatids attach to centromeres, chromasomes become visable, centrioles move to poles of the cell,
nucler envelope breaks down |
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what is a diploid cell?
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has pairs of chromosomes
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what hare the 6 stages of mitosis?
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interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
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What is a benign tumour?
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tends to grow in one place and doesn not spread to other parts of the body.
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What is a malignant tumour?
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tends to spread into neighbouring tissues.
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What is metastasis?
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when a melignant tunour spreads to other parts of the body via the blood or lymph symph systems.
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What is metastases?
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the second phase of metastasis, when secondary tumours result from metastases.
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What do proto-oncogenes do and in which two ways do they work?
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they stop a cell from dividing to often, they do this by carrying a genetic code for a receptor protein in the cell membrane, which switches on the genes for DNA replication.
they may carry the genetic code for a growth using cyclin and CDK |
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What is apoptosis?
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programmed cell death
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What is the diffrence between totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent?
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Totipotent: can divide into a entirly new organism.
Pluripotent: can become any type of cell, except for a new organism. Multipotent: can form several, but not all diffrent cell types. |
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Where are B lympocyte and T lympocyte formed?
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B -bone marrow
T - thymus gland |
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What does the CT stand for in CT scans?
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Computerised (axial) tomography
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