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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the cerebral cortex?
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- Outer layer of the brain - complex mental abilities - sensory processing - voluntary behaviours. |
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What is Broca's area and what is it's purpose?
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- Broca’s area is the region of the brain that contains motor neurons involved in the control of speech. - located in the frontal part of the left hemisphere of the brain. - vital role in the generation of articulate speech. |
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What is Wernicke's area and what is it's purpose?
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A region fo the brain involved in the comprehension of language, located in the temporal lobe.
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What is the mind body problem and who created it?
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- The mind body problem is a philosophical debate. - question of whether our mind and body are distinct, separate entities or whether they are one and same thing. - It was created by Rene Descartes. |
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What function does the occipital lobe perform? |
The occipital lobe is the visual processing centre of the brain. It is exlusively devoted to the sense of vision.
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What is adaptive and developmental plasticity?
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Adaptive: occurs throughtout life span in response to experience. Enables the brain to compensate the damage by recognising its structure. Developmental: referring to changes in neural connections during development as a result of environmental interactions as well as neural changes included by learning. |
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What are the features of the primary sensory cortex and where is it located? |
- receives external stimuli from the environment. - It obtains all sensory input from the body. - It is located in the post central gyrus. |
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What are the features of the primary motor cortex and where is it located? |
The primary motor cortex initiates voluntary movement. It is located in the rear portion of the frontal lobe. |
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How is sight and sound processed and where in the brain are they located? |
- Sight is processed in the occipital lobe. Visual information from the retina is sent through the thalamus to the primary visual cortex. Any image that is seen in the left side, will be processed in the right side and vice versa. - It is the same for sound. Sound is processed in the temporal lobe. The auditory cortex converts sounds into vibrations for the temporal lobe. Any sound processed in the left auditory field will be processed in the right auditory field and vice versa. |
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What function does the parietal lobe perform? |
Assists in the interpretation of touch. Processes sensory information that involves taste, temperature, and touch.
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What is spatial neglect and how could someone be affected by it biologically, psychologically andsocially? |
- attentional disorder - fail to notice anything on either their left or right side. - When dressing, shaving or applying makeup, a person with spatial neglect may fail to dress the left (or right) side of their body. - They may display inappropriate behaviour or personality change. |
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What was the split brain experiment? |
A split brain experiment is when the patient is seated behind a screen. The screen is used to flash a word or picture for a fraction of a second while the participant focuses on the black dot in the middle of the screen. The word or picture is flashed either to the left or right of the black dot.
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What function does the temporal lobe perform?
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Assists with the interpretation and perception of sound. Plays a role in recognition of objects and visual memory.
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Dendrites
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A thin extension of a neuron that receives information from other neurons and transmits it to the soma.
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Soma |
Or cell body integrates or combines the neural information received from the many dendrites and sends it to the axon. |
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Axon
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an axon transmits neural information away from the soma to other neurons or cells.
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Axon Terminals |
are the small branches of the end of an axon. Each terminal has a small knob-like swelling called a terminal button.
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Myelin |
is a fatty white substance that protects the axon.
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What are the glial cells and how are they broken up?
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- Glial cells provide insulation, nutrients and support for the neuronal functions - aiding repair of neurons and eliminating waste materials. - They are broken up into astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendroglia and Schwann cells. |
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What function does the frontal lobe perform?
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- Carries out higher mental processes such as thinking, decision making, and planning. - role in production of articular speech. - coordinating movements of the muscles required for speech and supplying the information. - understanding the grammatical structure of a sentence |
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Hindbrain |
The hindbrain is located at the base of the brain around the brain stem. The medulla controls functions such as breathing, salivating, sneezing. The pons is involved in sleep, dreaming as well as assisting breathing and some muscle movement. The cerebellum coordinates fine muscle movements.
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Midbrain |
The midbrain is the central part of the brain. It is a collection of structures involved with movement, processing of visual, auditory and sensory information.
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Forebrain |
- The hypothalamus maintains the body’s internal environment. - It regulates the release of hormones and influences biological needs. - filters information from all sense receptor sites and then passes it to relevant areas of the brain. - It also appears to play a role in attention and regulating arousal. |
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How is the nervous sytem structured? |
The nervous system is divided into two parts: - central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). - The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. - The PNS consists of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the somatic nervous system (SNS). - The ANS branches out to the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. |
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What are the specialised functions of the left and right hemispheres? |
The left hemisphere is responsible for language and the right hemisphere is responsible for creativity.
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What does the autonomic nervous system do? |
- subdivision of the PNS connecting the body’s internal organs to the CNS. - autonomous because it is not under voluntary control. -The ANS regulates the activity. - The ANS is a network of nerves that carries messages between the CNS and the heart, lungs and other internal organs and glands. - Regulates the functioning of internal organs. |
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Interneurons |
Interneurons relay information between the sensory and motor neurons
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Afferent |
Afferent neurons carry sensory messages from the body to CNS, it contains sensory neurons that receives signals from the eyes, nose, skin, tendons, joints, tongue and many other organs
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Efferent |
Efferent neurons carry messages from the CNS to muscles, organs and glands. It contains motor neurons that carry motor information for voluntary or intentional bodily movements. |
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What is the purpose of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system? |
The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for action and the parasympathetic nervous system calms body after action and returns the body to homeostasis. |
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What is the physiological responses associated with each one?
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- Sympathetic nervous system dilates pupils, increases heart rate, prevents digestion, and relaxes bladder and increases breathing. - Parasympathetic constricts people, stimulates salivation (saliva), slows breathing, slows heartbeat, stimulates digestion, and contracts bladder. |
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How does this affect the 'flight or fight' response?
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The SNS turns the ‘flight or fight’ response on, and the PNS turns it off.
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What does the somatic nervous system do?
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The somatic nervous system is responsible for voluntary movement of skeletal muscles.
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(Structural) Computerised tomography CT |
CT scans use x-ray equipment to scan the brain at different angles. Helps identify brain abnormalities in people with mental illnesses. |
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(Structural) Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI
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Vibrates atoms in the brain's neurons and generate a computer image of the brain.
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(Functional) Position emission tomography PET |
Produces colour images showing brain structure, activity and function. Used to record the level of activity in different brain areas while engaged in tasks. |
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(Functional) Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI |
Detects and records brain activity by measuring oxygen consumption across the brain. Detects changes in oxygen levels. Measures things as they occur. |
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How could this have led to benefits for people with Parkinson's disease?
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As the different neuroimaging techniques can record brain change and activity as well as take pictures, it is easy to observe physical changes in the brain.
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What is ablation?
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Disabling, destroying or removing selected brain tissue followed by an assessment of subsequent changes in behaviour.
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Hypothalamus
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Helps maintain the body's interal environment by regulating release of hormones and influences behaviours associated with basic biological needs.
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Thalamus
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Relay station for sensory information.
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Reticular Formation
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Helps screen incoming information, alerts higher brain centres to important information, helps maintain consciousness, and regulates arousal and muscle tone.
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Reticular activating system
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Regulates arousal by either increasing or dampening arousal in response to feedback from upper and lower brain areas.
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Medulla
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Continuation of the spinal cord, connecting it to the brain, controls bodily functions required for survival. |
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Cerebellum
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The part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates, which coordinates and regulates muscular activity.
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Pons
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Hind brain structure involved in sleep, dreaming, arousal from sleep and control of breathing and coordination of some muscle movements.
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