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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Spanish Conquest
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Facilitated by superior technology and different rules of war, but even more, disease and alliances with Native Americans.
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The Spanish Encomienda System
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Similar to slavery. In it, Spanish settlerts were allowed to use natives for labor in exchange for food and shelter and the conversion of natives to Christianity. In reality it was often very oppressive. It was reformed by the Spanish empire around 1550.
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The two Main Early European Empires
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Circa early 1500s, Spain and Portugal.
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Race in the Spanish Empire
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Issues of race were often fused with religion, birthplace, and social status, resulting in a veryu complex hierarchy.
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The Pueblo Revolt
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1680, a rebellion by a group of Indians in the southwestern US against Spanish rule. After initial success, the Spanish empire reasserted control.
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Papal Bull Inter Caetera
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Proclamation by the Pope that the Spanish Empire was permitted to take control of any lands it might discover west of the specified line. Effectively encouraged Spanish imperialism (1493). That line was shifted but not before separating Portuguese and Spanish settlement.
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Viceroyalty
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The Spanish Empire divided its colony in the Americas into first 2 and then 4 administrative regions called viceroyalties, at the head of each was a viceroy.
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Charter
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In the colonial period, especially in Dutch and English empires, the government gave private people or companies the right to establish colonies and administer them.
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The Columbian Exchange
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Phrase coined by Alfred Crosby to describe the exchange of organisms between Europe/Asia/Africa and the Americas (for example, from the Americas to Europe: parrots, syphilis, maize and potatoes) from Europe to the Americas: horses, smallpox, pigs, sheep, wheat, rats, and pigeons. The transfer of organisms had profound political, social, and economic influences.
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Slavery in the Americas
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Relatively few slaves went directly to the US. The largest importer from Africa was Brazil, followed by the Carribean Colonies.
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The Black Legend
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Belief among Americans and British that the Spanish were particularly cruel and inhumane colonial rulers. Largely false in assuming that Spanish were worse in their treatment of natives.
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Decline of Spanish Empire
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Lost much of their power when the value of silver declined. The Spanish Empire also suffered because of the rise of rivals, Britain and France, and due to mismanagement of and conflict with their colonies.
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Rise of British Colonialism
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Limited almost exclusively to the East coast. Used a charter system, with considerable diversity within the colonies. First was Jamestown in 1607, which eventually became Virginia. After that, The Plymouth Plantation (founded by the Pilgrims in 1620), then Massachusetts Bay in 1629. The final British colony was Georgia in the 1730s.
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Indentured Servitude
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The predominant system of forced labor in the southern colonies until an organized system of slavery replaced it in the 1660s. Indentured servants agreed to work for a master for a period of time (usually about 7 years) in exchange for transit to America.
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Headrights System
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Some colonies, including Virginia, gave settlers land for each person they brought to the colony. In Virginia, it was 50 acres per person. Gave wealthy people an incentive to bring servants to the Americas.
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Slavery in British North America-
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Most prominent in Virginia and South Carolina. Coastal South Carolina had the greatest density of slavery, but Virginia had more slaves in total. Rice and to a lesser extent indigo production were the main money makers in South Carolina, and tobacco in Virginia. Slavery also existed throughout the south and was less common but nonetheless existent in the North. In the north slavery was largely urban and was most prominent of all in NYC.
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Seven Years War
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1754-1763 Began with British settlers moving west and encountering French resistance over land claims. After initial military setbacks, the British poured money into the conflict and turned it around in the late 1750s. In order to pay for the war, they borrowed money into the conflict and turned it around in the late 1750s. In order to pay for the war, they borrowed money. That tremendous debt was one of the major long-term consequences of the war. Another major consequence is that the French were removed from the continent of north America. In North America conflict was between the French along with their Indian allies, and with support from the Spanish, against the British with their Indian allies.
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Proclamation of 1763
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Line that determined that settlers could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains. The line was established by the British government in London, angering colonists.
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Enlightenment
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Movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized science and rationality. It was very influential in transforming politics and government by emphasizing the rights of individuals. Among the Enlightenment philosophers was John Locke.
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Common Sense
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Pamphlet spurring on the Revolution, written by Thomas Paine in 1776. It was very popular, and it made the case in plain language, using common sense.
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Federalist Papers
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Published anonymously in newspapers. But now we know they were written by James Madison (3rd president, author of the most famous of the essays), Alexander Hamilton (First secretary of the Treasury and author of the greatest number of the essays) and John Jay (1st head of the supreme court). 85 published in total, under the name Publius. It was the best argument in favor of the current US constitution.
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Articles of Confederation
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The original constitution after independence (written in 1777). They loosely tied he revolutionary states together and had few mechanisms for actually running aunifed government. Couldn't levy taxes, regulate commerce, and lawmaking was too difficult.
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US Revolution
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Fighting began in 1777, but the Declaration of Independence was issued in 1776. Peace declared in 1783 with the Treaty of Paris. The nation extended to the Mississippi River, and included the East Coast, except Florida. Spain and France played a role in the conflict when they began attacking British possessions around the world.
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Latin American Revolutions
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Resulted in independence throughout most of the continent and established many nations. They occurred in the early 1800s and began with the French slave revolt in Haiti. The revolts were facilitated by the capture of the Spanish king in the Napoleonic wars, but also a result of frustration with colonial management and at peninsulares.
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Demographics of Latin America
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The largest group in Latin America were Indians. Within Spanish communities, the largest were of mixed race. Of Spanish settlers, Peninsulares were born in SPain and tended to be loyalist, and Creoles, born in the Americas but of Spanish descent (many joined or led the Revolutions.)
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Constitution
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Divided government into 3 branches each with its own powers that checked the others. Replaced the Articles of Confederation in the late 1780s. 3 branches: executive (led by the President and has the responsibility to enforce laws, also nominates judges and signs laws), legislative (make laws, two parts to it, the Senate and the House of Representatives), judiciary (interpreting the laws and running criminal and civil trials)
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Early Republic
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Period immediately following the Revolution in which the nation struggled to come together to overcome disunity and ending with the unity brought on by victory in the War of 1812.
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Louisiana Purchase
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Roughly doubled the size of the US, added the land that had once belonged to the French. 1803.
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Missouri Compromise
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Established at 36-30 stating that all states above the line would be closed to slavery and the states below would have slavery. In addition, Maine was added as a free state and Missouri as a slave state.
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Market Revolution
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Occurred as Americans began to spread westward and grow new crops (especially cotton.) Manufacturers, especially in the north began to tun those raw materials into new goods sold at home and abroad. Transportation networks moved those things around the nation, and slavery expanded to the west as slaves were moved to those new agricultural areas.
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Mexican American War
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After its independence, Mexico invited American settlers into its territory. Those settlers were more loyal to the US. In the late 1840s, the Us provoked war with Mexico and eventually won adding Texas and the entire Southwest up to California.
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Compromise of 1850
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the US decided whether to open the newly addedMexican territory to slavery. The Compromise of 1850 resolved that issue. California was immediately added closed to slavery. The slave trade but not slavery was banned in Washington DC. New strict law helped southerners reclaim escaped slaves (Fugitive Slave Act). The other territory added from Mexico could determine slavery by vote.
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Bleeding Kansas
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Conflict within Kansas between pro and anti-slavery factions. Occurred when Kansas was in the process of being admitted as a state and decided to determine issues of slavery by popular vote. Voter fraud caused the state to become to split. Mid 1850s.
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Civil War
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Conflict between the Union (US) and the seceding confederate states (1861-1865). North had more people, industry, and technological advantages. The south had superior generalship and only had to defend their land (the north had to invade the south) and knew the southern terrain. Ultimately, the union won, but not before about 600,000 died in a war that used new modern technology (especially rifles). War began with the Confederate victory at Fort Sumter.
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Black Codes
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Grew prominent in the aftermath of the Civil War. They set different rules for black people. Among those rules were prohibitions against testifying in court or serving on juries. It also made it mandatory for black people to have works. In some states, judges could remove black children from their homes and assign them to other families. Sometimes black people were prohibited from owning land or working certain jobs.
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Reconstruction
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Came in 3 waves. The two main waves were Presidential and Radical. Presidential really assured one main thing for slaves: emancipation. It was under Andrew Johnson, who vetoed lots of Congressional bills. Hoped to return south to its political rights. Radical Reconstruction looked to establish equal protection for all citizens and thus bring black people into the political system. By the mid 1870s, Reconstruction was on the decline largely because of political and economic crises.
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3 Reconstruction Amendments
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13th amendment, abolished slavery. 14th amendment gave all citizens equal protection under the law and made all people born in the US citizens. 15th amendment gave voting rights for all men.
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Plessy v. Ferguson
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Supreme court case in 1896. Black man sat in a segregated car and was arrested. In its ruling the Supreme Court determined that segregation did not violate the 14th amendment, as long as accommodations were "separate but equal." In reality they were rarely equal.
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Disenfranchisement of African-Americans
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Almost as soon as the 15th amendment passed, white southerners attacked that right with literary clauses (required potential voters to pass a test that they could read-often the texts were difficult) and citizenship tests.
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Gilded Age
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Period of intense wealth for those at the top and great poverty for the majority of Americans. (1877-1890).
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Progressive Era
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The Progressive Era was a response to the excesses of Industrialization, during which the US attempted a diverse set of reforms, from suffrage, to prohibition to the establishment of workers' rights laws and the establishment of national parks.
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Progressive Amendments
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16th amendment, grauated income tax; 17th amendment, direct election of senators; 18th amendment, prhobition )repealed with the 21st amendment, which was not a progressive amendment); 19th amendment, female suffrage.
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Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
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In the Monroe Doctrine (1820) President James Monroe said that the US claimed the Americas as its sphere of influence. Europe should not concern itself with the affairs over here. In Roosevelt's corollary, he asserted that the US would have the right to interfere throughout the Americas if other countries became unstable. This was a blanket permission to take military action throughout the region
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WW1
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1914-1918. Central Powers:
Austro-Hungary, Germany, The Ottoman Empire versus the Allies: Russia, Japan, France, Britain. Started with the assasination of Archduke Ferdinand, but really occurred because of the interlocking alliances among European nations. In 1917 Russia exited the war and the US entered. The US was half-hearted in its entrance into the war. It did get involved because of the death of American innocents and the increasing violence of the war. When the US did get involved, it was a decisive force. |
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The 14 Points
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As the Us entered WW1 in earnest, Woodrow Wilson set out 14 principles for a postwar world. the world would be dominated by values of freedom, openness, anti-militarism, and self-determination for all peoples. Unfortunately, the Us points met considerable political opposition and the US never really committed to them.
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The Lost Generation
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Generation of people who had come of age in WW1 and experienced a lot of hardships that influenced how they lived. Generally used to discuss the poets and artists of that time who claimed the war had destroyed the moral grounding of humanity. (included Hemingway, T.S Eliot.)
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The Roaring '20s
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Period that combated some of the depression and lost morality of WW1 and its aftermath, looked to substitute more fun and upbeat attitudes (especially as seen in new more revealing passions and cultural figures like the flappers.
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Great Migration & Harlem Renaissance
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Lots of African-Americans left the south to escape oppression (push factors) and find better opportunity in the north (pull factors). Vast expansion to the north and western urban black populations (first Great Migration-1910-1930- and second-1940s-1970). Harlem Renaissance was one of any eruptions of black culture in these northern communities.
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Dust Bowl |
Around the area of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, New Mexico, Colordao, Nebraska. Caused by drought and overly intensive farming, which dug up the prairie grasses and created fine powder out of sod. The wind was able to pick up that dust and carry it around the eastern half of the country. Caused dust related diseases and people lost crops and farms. |
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The Great Depression |
1930s. Included a cycle of deflation (dropping prices, lost production, falling wages, further decrease in prices). Unemployment reached about 25% at its height. People began to lose faith in the economic system generally. At its worst around 1933-4 and again in 1937-8. It only ends with the US entry into WW2. |
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The New Deal |
Group of programs during the Depression to help the economy established under the presidency of Franklin Roosevelt. Programs like the PWA and WPA helped put Americans to work building public facilities. Other programs like the Emergency banking act, which closed banks and only opened them back up when they were not in danger of going broke, responded to acute and specific crises. Finally, included the establishment of a broader social safety net with unemployment benefits for those who lost their jobs and social security (payments for the elderly) |
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Word War II |
The US was largely isolationist in the 1930s as Germany began to remilitarize under the leadership of Hitler. In 1939 Germany invaded Poland beginning the war. Within a year it had occupied Paris. In 1941, the US was drawn into the war by Japan, which bombed Pearl Harbor. The two sides were the Axis: Germany, Italy, and Japan, and the Allies: Britain, France, US, and USSR. In 1944, the US and allies began the complete liberation of Europe with D-Day. A year later, in May, the liberation of Europe was complete, and in August, after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrendered, ending the conflict. |
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The Civil Rights Movement |
Grew in prominence beginning in the mid 1950s with protests against segregation in Montgomery. Over the next ten years, there were also protests in Birmingham and Washington DC. Much of the support for Civil Rights came from a growing urban and middle class black population which had enjoyed enhanced opportunity in WW2. There were also major protests focusing on civil and voting rights, notably in the Mississippi Freedom Summer and the march from Selma in 1965. The protests and violent police response, broadcast on TV brought white allies. By late 1960s, black people frustrated with limited gains became increasingly radicalized, and now the white community became far less supportive. |
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Cold War |
Ideological conflict between capitalism and communism (most prominently between the US and USSR). Though there is military conflict (most famously in Vietnam and Korea), the US and USSR never actually fought. But there were nuclear tensions throughout the world, and the US pursued a policy of containment (it looked to limit the growth of communism anywhere it started to grow). Domestically it tried to purge communism in the Red Scare. |
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Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka Kansas |
Outlawed segregation in schools, effectively denouncing Plessy vs. Ferguson. The whole notion that separate can be equal is flawed because separation creates a sense of inferiority. 1954. |
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Civil Rights Legislation |
Civil Rights Act (1964) ended discrimination in public accommodations (privately or publicly owned). Voting Rights Act (1965) gave the government vast new powers to make sure that the vote was no longer denied to African Americans. |
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Korematsu vs United States |
WW2. It supported Executive Order 9066. Executive Order 9066 ruled that Japanese Americans were potential allies of Japan and therefore would be removed from the west coast to the interior of the country and placed in internment camps. In the Korematsu case, the supreme court ruled that this order was Constitutional because the president can take drastic measures in times of war. Executive Order was issued in 1942, and the court case was decided in 1944. |
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The Urban Crisis |
Started after WW2 and became more acute in the ‘50s and ‘60s. It’s related to suburbanization. As white and middle class Americans left cities for suburbs, the people left in cities were increasingly poor and increasingly minority. The result is that cities had less money and collected fewer taxes, which made things (and services) worse. By late 1960s, the isolation of minority people in cities was clear and largely black frustration erupted in a urban riots (that frustration was also about frustration over the failure of Civil Rights) in places like Newark, Detroit, Los Angeles. |
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Conservative Backlash |
Frustrated by the radicalism of the 1960s and chaos of Civil Rights protests and urban riots, many Americans turned to tradition, family, and conservative values. They said government should get out of people’s business, and we need a nation built on the values of former glory. In 1980, the nation elected Ronald Reagan, who ran as a conservative candidate. |
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Dr. Freund |
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