History Of Psychology 3 - Behaviorism And Neobehaviorism

Front 1

Reflexology

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Sechenov, frog leg reflexes; strictly objective study of human behavior that seeks to understand the relationship between environmental influences and overt behavior

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coritcal irradiation

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Pavlov, like ripples in a pond spreading out, theory for how things get connected in the brain

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conditonal reflex

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a learned reflex, Pavlov

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classical aversive conditioning

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Bekhterev, used on striate muscle to gain objective associationism

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psychic reflex

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Pavlov's conditioned and unconditioned stimuli

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trophism

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Watson work with Loeb, automatic orineting repsonse that Loeb studied in plants and animals

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Tower of Silence

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name for Pavlov's lab b/c sound proof nature

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instinctive motivation

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McDougall, all behavior governed by instinct motives

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operational definition

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definition that relates an abstract concept to the procedures used to measure it

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radical behaviorism

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belief that behavior cannot be explained in terms of unobserved internal events, all that can be directly observed are environmental events and overt behavior

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methodological behaviorism

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can postulate cognitive or psychological events but inssist that such events be validated by studying their monifestations in over behavior

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logical positivism

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Hull, Skinner, indiret study ok, theoretical concepts are admissible if tied to observable world throuh operational definition

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intervening variable

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hypothetical internal concepts such as hunger, confirmation, cognitive maps; Tolman, link between independent and dependen observable variables

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purposive behaviorism

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Tolman, behavioral methodological and cognitive with purpose/goal, emphasize molar over molecular

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cognitive map

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Tolman, mental representation of the environment

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place learning

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learn cognitive maps of environment

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response learning

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S-R connections

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expectancies

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Tolman, hypothesis that can been tentatively confirmed

Front 19

E = (HxD)-I-V-O-K

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E = momentay effectvie reaction potential, occurs only if habit and drive and subtracts inibition ; Hull, can predict all behavior with mathematical equation

Front 20

descriptive behaviorism

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behaviorism that is positivistic in that it describes relationships between environmental events and behavior rather attempting to explain those relationships

Front 21

latent learning

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Tolman, learning that has occured but is not translated into behavior

Front 22

habit strength

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Hull, strenth of association between a stimulus and a response, depends on nuber of reinforced pairings between the two

Front 23

reaction potential

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Hull - drive reduction
Skinner - anything that increases the rate or the probability of a response
Tolman - confirmation of a hypothesis, expectation, or belief

Front 24

Hypothetico-Deductive Theory

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Hull, set of postulates form which empirical relationships are deduced (predicted), if empirical relaships are predicted then gain strenth, but if not then theory must be revised or abandoned

Front 25

Pavlov

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empiricist, all behavior explainable from conditioned relfexes, coritcal irradiation, stimulus substitution (S-S association), conditioned and unconditioned stimuli,

Front 26

Bekhterev

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all behavior explaind by relfexive conditioning and physical laws, reflexology, radiacl behaviorism; mentored by Sechenov, Wundt, Reymond, Charcot

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Sechenov

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founder of reflexology --> classical conditioning; empiricist influence from Muller and Helmholtz, mental and physical behavior is sunction of associations derived from environmental experience

Front 28

Thorndike

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cat puzzle box - theory of learning; empiricist, passive mind (except for pleasure principle), learning = neural bond between sensory impression and impulse to action stmped in by rewarding consequence, Law of Effect (pleasure strengthen link between stimulus and reward), learning over time via trial and error experiences

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Watson

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radical behaviorism, strict positivism, directly observable, Little Albert conditioning, Psychology: that division of natural science which takes human behavior, verbal and motor, learned and unlearned, as its subject matter; Objective: given a stimulus to predict the response and given a response to be able to postdict the stimulus

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Watson major constructs

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1.denial of mind as active, mind = epiphenomenon
2. thinking was sub vocal speech
3. denial of insticts completely - totally empiricistic
4. total physcial deteminism, no free will, no moral responsibility
5. language totally conditioned (reflexive)
6. behavior is the sum of elementary responses which can be analyzed by natural science methods
7. all behavior is comprised on glandular secretions and muscle movement, reduced to physiology
8. learning is function of S-R continguity - no law of Effect

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Loeb

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famous neurologist that Watson studied with and Skinner referenced

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Lashley

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took over Watson human sexuality questionarries and pased onto Kinsey

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Z.Y.Kuo

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empiricist, denied existence of instinctive behavior (oppostion to McDougall), watched development of chicks through window in egg

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Tolman

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against reductionism, against twitchology/secretions as basis for behavior, molar approach, puposive beahviorism, cognitive map key to learning, logical postivism,

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Tolman major constructs

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1. learning is S-S association - learn where stuff is
2. organisms learn cognitive maps of environment
3. organisms select behaviors to reach purposive goals in the cognitive map
4. organisms generate hypotheses about outcomes directed by cognitve map and confirmation of hypothesis reinforces learning
5. beleif = strong history of confirmed hypothesis
6. reward affects performance not learning, learning can be vicarious
7. both human and non-hu,an learning is cognitive

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W.S. Small

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invented rat maze, found that rats fun it better than humans

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Guthrie

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radical theory of all learning based on S-R contiguity and occured all or none on single trial, behavior not gradual but based on single trial, reward is event that radically altered stimulus complex

Front 38

Skinner

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radical behaviorist, baby box operant conditioning, major methodological contributions, concept of reinforcement, rate of behavior as more sensitive measure for change, focus on individual

Front 39

Hull

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Pavlov/behaviorism/hypothetico-deductive model of natural science, influenced by Woodworth to put O in S-R and Tolman intervening variables as way to do it, E = HxD, predict all behavior with mathematical equations, reward necessary for learning and drive reduction necessary for reward, students were Spence, Muller, Mowrer

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Spence

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refined Hull model to make Hull-Spence model, explained apparent place learning with concept of habit family hierarchy and goal gradients, gestalt interpretation of transposition - learn concept not box is most parsimonius; inibition and excitation interact alebraically with shift of excitory to R and inibitory to L

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Amsel

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Spence student, theory of conditoioned frustration grounded in Hullian model

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Estes

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Skinner student, proposes one trial learning mathematical model of human concept learning

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Bandura

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social learning theory from Miller and Dollard book

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McDougall

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instict emphasized, psych = science of behavior, questioned introspection and called for objective study of behavior, purposeive behavior, behavior goal directed and stimulated by instincts not environment

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Mary Cover Jones

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early systematic desensitization work (extnesion of Watson)

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Why did Hull's system require the group approach?

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Oscillation factor - unknown factors that influence behavior make individual behavior difficult to predict but average to zero across group

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In what ways is Skinner's view of psychology Baconian?

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Baconian emphasis on applied technology to improve human condition - Skinner focus on individual organism
Inductive approach

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connectionism

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associationism, emphasis on connection between things that occur contiguously

Front 49

all or none learning

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Guthrie, all learning connected all at once, seems gradual b/c so complex but occur at molecular level

Front 50

Law of Contiguity

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2 things occur together in time --> associate with each other

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stimulus complex

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Guthrie, all learning occurs in complex of stimulus, not one focal stimulus - all or none but appear gradual

Front 52

free operant behavior

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one of Skinner's greatest contributions, look at behavior freely occuring without experimenter determining, free to respond or not, more like real world

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Social Learning Theory

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Bandura, higher mammalian behaviors learned by observing and modeling, vicarious learning

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Bridgeman

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operationism - all independent and dependent must be defined carefully (operational definition); all we mean by outcome is what has been defined

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Romanes

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animal intelligence, anecdotes on how clever pets are - data anthropormorphic (put human thoughts on animals)

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Morgan

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Morgan's cannon b/c Romanes, instinct = simple, direct

Front 57

How is Skinner's position a-theoretical? relate to vitality in psych

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not based on hypothetical, doesn't explain why/how, its a principle not a theory
Impossible to refure principls b/c work regardless of why

Front 58

Why does Skinner consider 'Verbal Behavior' to be one of his most important contributions?

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ability to use language makes humans unique - nothing mroe than behavior (last point attacking humanism)