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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How did early European colonizers feel about their culture compared to Native American culture |
European colonizers insisted that they brought the benefits of civilization to primitive and savage Native Americans
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How did Native American feel about their own culture and about the prospect of adopting European culture |
Native Americans insisted in the value of their own traditions and institution Indians resisted European culture at every encounter. Indian woman were resistant to Christian persuasion because they cling to polygamy. European attempts to provide Indians with European education also met with resistance |
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How did European craft their history of the conquest and settlement of North America? What consequence did this view of colonial history have on the Indians? |
in a manner that depicted heroic adventures, missionaries and soldiers sharing western civilization with soldiers sharing western civilization with native people of the new world and opening a vast virgin land to economic development
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What event in Europe helped set the stage for colonization in the new world |
The new monarchs centralized their authority by collecting taxes, raised armies, created national courts and began the process of Marion state building without them, European countries could not have produced the financial and military resource necessary for exploration and colonization |
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Why Vikings colonization of North America failed |
Natives they encountered were hostile Poor lines of communication and climate cooling made colonization difficult Scandinavian political upheaval made it impossible to establish distant outpast |
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What three factors caused English men to migrate and colonize America |
1.english population growth from 3.5 million to 5 million strained the food supply + drive prices up 2. Poverty was a key factor driving the English settlers to the new world in search for a better life 3. Civil war in England and religious strife also contributed to the migration |
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Why was the survival rate of people living in New England much greater than the colonist living in Virginia? |
1.nuclear family settlement 2. Better drinking water 3.colder climate to reduce disease 4. Their religious conviction |
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Why was community life stronger in the New England colonies than in any of the other colonies |
People bought land to build a home, farm and support their families No feudal dues paid to landlords existed People were expected, through a system of taxes to pay ministers’ salaries support local and colonial government services and serve in the military |
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Starving time |
Desperate colonist resorted to cannibalism |
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Indentured servants |
In exchange for passage to America England’s, laborers came as “indentured servants” they signed contracts of indenture in which they agreed to work for their masters. In return they were cared for and at the conclusion of their indenture they were given tools and clothes + promised land to start independent + tobacco farms |
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Why was family life at risk (threatened) in the Chesapeake colonies? In what ways did the shortage of women increase their bargaining power for marriage |
1.Settlement of Chesapeake colonies was not the same as the family unit that characterized New England 2.settlers came as unmarried indentured servants who were cut off from the traditional family life they knew in England 3.the labor contracts indentured signed in exchange for passage to America ranged from 5-7 years male indentures were from 18-22 years old
1.no parent consent was required for marriage 2.woman freely choose who they wanted to marry 3.woman who lacked beauty, strength or moral character need not worry about finding a husband since there were six times more males than females 4.woman found it easier to improve their social standing because they had a better chance of marrying a man from a higher class |
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Identify at least four reasons why African slavery came to English colonies in America |
1.serious labor shortages existed on the plantation 2.attempts to enslave the American Indian failed miserably 3.the supply of indentured servants dwindled over time 4.the economic prosperity of the triangular trade rode on the backs and labor of Africans who produced rice, sugar and tobacco |
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Identify what the provision of the 1660 navigation acts. How did Virginia colonials respond to the acts? How did New England colonials respond to them? |
Navigation act: 1. No ship could trade in the colonies unless it was built in England or America and carried a crew of at least 75% English sailors 2. Certain enumerated goods of value not produced in England cold be transported from the colonies only to an English port or another colonial port 3. Colonials were required to pay import duties on goods shipped to America The effect of the navigation act: 1. Domestic ship building was encouraged 2. England’s colonial rivals were forced to buy the enumerated goods only in England 3. Money collected from the import duties increased the royal treasury in England Colonial reaction to navigation act Virginia-bitterly protested British customs duties claiming the money paid cut into tobacco profits New Englanders- got around the regulation by picking up enumerated goods from one colonial port then sailed to another colonial port and then sailed to holland or France in American ships thus avoiding paying customs duties |
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The New England primer |
The “ New England primer” published first in 1960 in Boston by Benjamin Harris taught children the alphabet and the lords prayers |
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Outlandish negroes |
Newly arrived slaves from Africa |
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Identify the four profound changes that took place in 18th century colonial America |
1. The population grew at an amazing rate 2. Diverse cultures continued to characterize the social scene 3. Provincialism the tendency to accept English norms was much in evidence 4. There developed a growing sense of an American identity |
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In what two ways did Britain’s victory over their French colonial rivals in the French and Indian war in 1763 lead to greater tension between the English government and American colonial leaders |
1.without the threat of France, Americans were less dependent on Britain for military protection helping to foster an independent attitude 2. The war left Britain with an enormous debt. Americans were expected to pay for their share of the war in additional taxes to Britain but they were reluctant to do so |
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Catos letter |
Reformist-minded publicist called common wealth men attempted to change the system. Men like John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon through the publication called catos letter |
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What two factors contributed to rising the tension between British and American political leader that helped bring on the American revolution |
The tension was hightened by sheer ignorance of an understanding of the colonies and England by British government officials in slow laborious communications across the Atlantic ocean lead to serious misunderstandings |
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Parliamentary sovereignty when it came to who had the authority to tax the colonies was a key cause of the American Revolution how were members of the English Parliament interpreting parliamentary sovereignty what did British parliamentary members mean when they argued that American colonials were “virtually represented” in parliament |
The British aristrocacy saw Parliament as the dominant force within the English constitution Parliament asserted it’s authority to protect rights and property against the abusive Stuart King and after the glorious revolution Parliament was considered supreme in matters of legislation and taxation Parliament was reluctant to share or divided supreme sovereign power to the American political leadership this attitude made no sense the colonials were supposed to be totally dependent on the decision-making of Parliament Americans insisted that the colonial legislators were also sovereign and meaningful to the political process throughout the colonial period It was their legislature not the parliament the passed laws for them to live by |
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Why were the Paxton boys considered to be disgrace in 18 century American colonial history |
When they threatened to go to Philadelphia to kill any political leader who condemned their crime the praise stopped |
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How did American political leaders respond to Parliament passage of the stamp act in 1765 in order to get the legislation repealed |
By not showing signs of weakness to the Americans Parliament passed the declaration and also in March reminding the colonies of parliamentary supplements supremacy |
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How did British customs official in colonial America assigned to enforce the Townshend duties abuse their authority |
By conducting searches and seizures in order to line their pockets |
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Why did parliament passed the tea act in 1773 and expect that American colonials would not oppose the tax why in fact did the Americans oppose the Tea act |
To rescue the financially troubled British East India Company Parliament passed the tea act in 1773 Britain anticipated that the act would be received favorably in America because it allows the company to sell directly to America at a reduced rate where colonials would buy the tea instead of more expensive Smuggled Dutch Tea Americans oppose the tea act because they interpreted the act as yet another attempt to tax the colonies without their consent since the British East India tea would be sold directly by their agent in America it threatened to undercut American merchants who profited from the sale of smuggled Dutch tea |
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What harsh measures were contained in the coercive act passed by the parliament after the Boston tea party |
The port of Boston was closed until the British East India was compensated The upper house of the Massachusetts legislator changed from an elected to an appointed body and town meeting were restricted to one a year |
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Public virtue |
they are motivated by a desire to achieve the public good |
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Loyalist |
Loyalists were American colonists who stayed loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolutionary War |
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Why was the northwest ordinance a significant and important achievement under the article of confederation |
It was a commendable achievement and brought orderly settlement of land in the northwest territory |
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What criticism were leveled against the articles of confederation from 1783 to 1787? |
Congress couldn’t regulate trade. That was a serious weakness. Nationalist argued the need for a strong central government to regulate trade the value of money was almost worthless. Nationalist argued that a strong central government was needed to stabilize currency. |
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What did the Connecticut compromise call for at the constitutional convention when it came to how the states would be represented in the legislature and how did it keep the delegates from disbanding |
Roger Sherman and the Connecticut delegation proposed a special committee be formed to resolve differences over representation. A. A bicameral (two house) legislature B. Lower house representation be based on population of each state. All taxation bills must originate in the house C. Upper house-senate-each state to have 2 (equal) representatives selected by the state legislature in a manner of their choosing D. Both large and small states were now in agreement and generally satisfied |
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Describe the 3/5 compromise reached at the constitutional convention |
A. Southerners want slaves counted for representation but not for tax purposes B. Northerners want slaves counted for tax purposes but not for representation C. The compromise- slaves counted as 3/5 of a persons or both representation + taxing purposes |
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Why did the slave trade and commerce compromise reached at the constitutional convention gain acceptance among northern and southern delegates |
A. Northern delegates favored a ban on the slave trade and a tax on the exported + imported goods B. Southeners opposed both ideas C. The compromise- no ban on the slaves trade was to go into effect for 20 years. Congress could tax imports but not exports. |
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Why were the founding fathers against having direct election of the president of the United States? How was the original electoral college set up to elect president? |
The founding fathers at the convention did not trust giving common Americans the power to directly elect the president. The electoral college compromise- Each state would have electors based on the number of representatives in the house plus the states two senators. The people of the state would vote for prominent (wealthy) men who would serve as the electors. The electors voted for president + Vice President. If no one running for president received a majority of electoral votes, the House of Representatives would decide the outcome of the election w/ each state casting one vote. |
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What argument did the anti-federalist have in opposition to ratifying the constitution? |
Suspicion of creating a strong central government that could undermine personal liberty, the constitution had no bill of rights. |
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Newberg Conspiracy |
group of army officers stationed at Newberg NY threatened protest if congress disbanded them without funding their pensions. This newberg conspiracy of 1783 was stopped by George Washington's intervention. |
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Primogeniture (chapter6) |
the state of being the firstborn child. the right of succession belonging to the firstborn child, especially the feudal rule by which the whole real estate of an intestate passed to the eldest son |
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What did Hamilton disclose to the president and to congress? |
America’s debt-54 million States owed 25 million of the debt owed to 20,000 people only 20% were original bond holders of loan certificates from the revolution |
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What two recommendations did Hamilton make in the “report on public credit” |
U.S government would fund its foreign + domestic debt at full face value U.S government would assume + pay the state debt |
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What were Hamilton’s motives for making these recommendations? (in the “Report on public credit” delivered on January 14,1790) |
-Limit the ability of the individual states to shape the national economic policy. -convince American and foreign investors that America is solvent and a good risk for investing money in commercial and industrial development |
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What criticisms were leveled against Hamilton’s financial recommendation (in the “Report on public credit” delivered on January 14,1790) |
Critics accused Hamilton on patronizing his wealthy friends, especially speculators who bought revolutionary certificates at a fraction of their cost. States who paid their debt already complained that the states that didn’t were being rewarded by the federal government for financial mismanagement |
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what two constitutional issues were raised by the house of representatives concerning ratification of Jays treaty in 1795 and how have they been answered over the course of U.S History? |
Did the house have the right to interfere with treaty ratification which is reserved by the constitution to the senate only could the president in the interest of national security withhold information about the treaty from the house and the public? |
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why was the pickney treaty the high point of American foreign policy during Washington's second term in office? |
opening the Mississippi River to American trade with the right of deposit at New Orleans of goods with no duties. a southern boundary at the 31st parallel on Floridas northern border all the way to the Mississippi River. Spain to stay out of Indian affairs not to agitate the Indians agains U.S settlers pickney became a hero and the treaty was a first major piece of successful diplomacy for the budding U.S |
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concerning the Alien act: what did the alien enemies law empower the president to do ? |
the alien enemies law-on the authority of the president, any citizen from a country at war with the U.S could be detained or deported |
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concerning the Alien act: what could the president by executive decree do to foreigners |
the alien law- by executive decree, the president could expel any foreigners |
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concerning the Alien act: what did the naturalization law say about immigrant application for American citizenship |
Naturalization law-extended the waiting period for an immigrant to become a U.S citizen to 14 years |
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Concerning the alien sedation act: What became a crime under the sedation law |
sedition law-criticism of the government was considered to be criminal liber |
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Concerning the alien sedation act: why were these laws an assault on personal liberty |
The laws struck at the first amendment and federal courts were being used for political repression. |
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Free ships make free goods |
France declared war on England. America claimed right of Neutrality their argument was free ships make free goods. |
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Impressment of seamen |
Britain navy seized American merchant ships trading in the French West Indies, impressed U.S seamen and violated U.S neutrality. Britain refused to respect American neutral trade rights and continued to impress U.S seamen on the high seas. |
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Louisiana purchase |
Jefferson learned Louisiana territory was ceded from Spain to France, Jefferson dispatched James Monroe to join U.S envoy to Paris Robert Livingston to purchase if possible New Orleans from France. Napoleon offered to sell not only New Orleans but the whole Louisiana territory to the U.S for 15 million, that would double the size of America |
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War hawks |
a group of militant representatives from the south and west were elected to congress in 1810 |
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What five factors made cotton production in the south the prime commercial crop? |
1. It was in great demand in English textile mills and to a lesser extent in New England 2. Ely Whitney’s cotton gin made cotton more marketable by cutting labor cost 3. Availability of fertile land in Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana to replace worn out land mainly in South Carolina and Georgia 4.forced slave labor made cotton production a profitable venture 5. Lastly good navigable river system in the south made it profitable to move raw cotton to market faster and cheaper |
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What were the three main components of the “American System” for economic development |
1. A high protective tariff to stimulate industrial growth 2. Industrial growth in turn to provide “home markets” for American farm produce 3. Making America as self-sufficient as possible and less dependent on European goods |
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discuss the background circumstances that led to the Monroe doctrine in 1823 what were the provisions of the Monroe doctrine? why was the Monroe doctrine a significant part of American diplomacy and foreign policy? |
the U.S would oppose any European interference with the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and any attempt at further colonization. The U.S pledged not to involve itself in the internal affairs of Europe or to engage in any of Europe’s wars The importance of the Monroe doctrine: -U.S foreign policy became more self confident -American were assured that their country was free from involvement in old world affairs -the independent of Latin American republics was guaranteed, not so much because of America’s military strength to defend them but because the Monroe doctrine had the backing of the British navy. |
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What attitude did the founding fathers have toward democracy |
The founding fathers were not believers in democracy in the modern sense of direct rule by the people. They believed in a balanced republic led by the national aristocracy |
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How did democracy change in the 1820’s and 1830’s |
By the 1820’s universal white male suffrage was the rule of the day, partly because so many Americans owned land More and more public officials, including judges were elected rather than appointed Campaigning became more common Martin van buren saw the value of a party system to democracy. He viewed parties as a check on the temptation to abuse power This view was the opposite of the earlier political figures of the republic who saw parties as threats to republican virtue The major breakthrough was to see the opposing party not as disloyal but as loyal opposition By 1828 a 2 party system was in place (whigs vs. democrats) Also by 1828 presidential electors were no longer selected by the state legislature but were elected by popular vote in 24 states In presidential election, voter participation increased from 27% in 1824 55% in 1828/32/36 and up to 78% in 1840 |
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Identify & explain the key reason behind the removal of the southeastern civilized tribes to reservation west of the Mississippi River |
Jackson was an Indian hater White agreed to assume control of Indian lands prompted the states of Georgia, Alabama + Mississippi to pass legislation against the constitutional guarantee that the federal government was to have jurisdiction over Indian affairs and treaties with them in exchange for southern support for his presidential election, Jackson accommodated the southern desire to relocate the Indians. |
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Why was the removal of native Americans from the southeastern United States tragically called the trail of tears? |
The military forced the Cherokee to march to Oklahoma. Almost 4,000 Indians died in what came to tragically be called the trail of tears |
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How did the states of South Carolina demonstrate opposition to the tariffs of 1828 and 1832? |
South Carolina called a state convention that promptly voted to nullify the tariffs and to forbid federal collection of customs duties within the state |
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How did president Jackson respond to the crisis created by South Carolina |
Jackson: 1. Alerted the secretary of war to ready for military action 2. Denounced nullification as treason 3. Pushed congress to pass the force bill. |
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Why was the crisis created by South Carolina significant |
South Carolina’s defiance would spread to other southern states and lead to secession and the civil war |
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Why didn’t the second national bank of the United States sit well with common American people and Jacksonian Democrats |
Being charged a monopoly a private corporation that did public service in exchange for exclusive rights, controlled by moneyed interest, entrenched in the nations economy and able to regulate currency, the bank did not sit well with the rise of common man democracy in the Jacksonian era |
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Key off the observation made by French traveler Alexis tocquevilles observations of American politics and explain why chapter 10 was labeled the trim white man Democracy |
believed that the strength of American democracy lay in local Self government largely because he witnessed New England town meetings. He praised Americans for not conceding their liberties to a centralized state. He did observe that American democracy wasn’t meant for woman he saw how nullification threatened the union and predicted slavery would lead to a civil war and racial conflict He criticized the treatment of native Americans He believed white Americans were deeply prejudice against people of color and didn’t entertain much hope that it would change |
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Laissez faire |
government doesn't interfere or regulate the economy |
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Species Circular |
requiring that only gold or silver would be accepted as payment for public land sold |
