Igcse Cambridge History Flashcards

Front 1

Explain the role of Khairallah Tulfah in Saddam Hussein's ride to power. (6 marks)

Back 1

Khairallah Tulfah was the uncle to Saddam and was his father figure for many years. He was originally an army officer in Tikrit and was imprisoned in 1941 for joining an attempt to get the British out of Iraq. This hate of the British that Khairallah had, instilled a sense of Arab nationalism and consequently gave him hatred for the Hashemite monarchy.

When Saddam moved to Baghdad in hope of getting into the Baghdad Military his didn't get in and failed his entrance exam. This then made him look at the political views that his uncle held and was inspired to join the Baath party. He was involved in anti-governemt activities that them got him recognised for meting a ruthless operator. He was then selected to help assassinate

Front 2

Why did Saddam Hussein spend 11 years as President Bakr's deputy? (6 marks)

Back 2

f

Front 3

How did Saddam Hussein use his family members to assist his rule after 1979? (6 marks)

Back 3

f

Front 4

What were the main features of Saddam Hussein's personality cult? (4 marks)

Back 4

- Saddam's personality cult we aimed to project himself to the people as an all- powerful, father style leader of the nation.

-He set a permanent exhibition about himself; his life story was in news papers and he even had portraits put up in the street and had over 200 songs written about him.

-Saddam also visited towns and people's houses in disguise and asked about their view on him and his government.

-Saddam found lookalikes and gave them moths of training so that they could attend functions and official events.

Front 5

Explain what the Truman doctrine was.

Back 5

The Truman doctrine is a principle that the US should give military and economic support to countries that were threatened by Soviet forces or communism. Truman first persuaded congress in march 1947 to provide $400 million in aid for Greece. Truman thought the world was split into the free and the oppressors and provided a commitment to defend the free countries threatened by aggressive neighbours around the world.

Front 6

Describe the Marshall plan.

Back 6

The Marshall aid plan was announced by George Marshall in June 1947. The overall goals of this plan was to stabilise the economies of Europe and prevent the growth of communism in European democracies. It lasted four years and gave over $13 billion for European recovery. By providing loans to other countries, Marshall was hoping to create stronger marked for US exports as well.

Front 7

Why was NATO formed in 1949?

Back 7

NATO was formed in April 1949 by the USA, Canada and several Western European nations including Great Britain to provide collective security against the Soviet Union. The reason that collective security was needed was because it was though that further Communist expansion would happen and the prospect of this scared many countries so they decided to turn towards collective security. Collective security means that if one country in the alliance is attacked then the other allied countries will defend it.

Front 8

How was the Paris Peace Conference organised?

Back 8

-The Paris Peace conference first started in January of 1919 end ended in January 1920.

-All the important decisions were made my the Big Three (France, Britain and USA)

-In the Peace Conference 32 nations were represented

- But only the victors of the War were invited to join.

Front 9

What were the causes and consequences of the Iran- Iraq war, 1980-8?

Back 9

-

Front 10

What happened in September 1980?

Back 10

Iraq invaded Iran with and air attack

Front 11

Which two areas of land were disputed in the Iran- Iraq war?

Back 11

The two areas of dispute were the Shatt al-arab waterway and the Iranian province of Khuzestan

Front 12

Why was the waterway so important?

Back 12

The waterway was do important because both Iran and Iraq needed it for their oil exports and was especially important to Iraq because it was the only outlet to the sea.

Front 13

Describe the treaty that was agreed in 1937 over the Shat al-arab waterway?

Back 13

The treaty that was made between the two countries was favourable to Iraq. It marked the low-water mark on the eastern side of the river.

Front 14

What did the Shah of Iran do in 1969 in relation to the Shatt al- arab waterway treaty that was made in 1937?

Back 14

The Shah of Iran rejected the treaty and refused to pay any further shipping tolls to the Iraqis

Front 15

Describe the conflict liked to Khuzestan.

Back 15

Saddam encouraged the non-persian population of Khuzestan the refold against Shah. Shah encouraged Khurds to revolt against Saddam

Front 16

What is Khuzestan

Back 16

South western Iranian province that is oil rich and full of non- Persians

Front 17

What was agreed at the Algiers agreement?

Back 17

Iran ended support for Kurds in the North and Iraq dropped claim to Khuzestan. Iraq agreed to follow deep waterline in the Shah al- Arab

Front 18

When was the Algiers agreement?

Back 18

The Algiers agreement was in 1975

Front 19

What were Saddam Hussein's aims in invading Iran?

Back 19

1. To annex Khuzestan province in Iran

2. To expand oil reserves

3. To have control over the Shatt Al-arab waterway

4. To make Iraq the leader of the Arab world

Front 20

What was the Arab League?

Back 20

Established on 1945 to promote the political, economic and cultural interests of the Arab countries. Founder members include Egypt, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Syria.

Front 21

Why did Saddam choose 1980 to invade Iran?

Back 21

1. Capitalised on overthrow of Shah and the end of the US- Iran alliance

2. Iran was weak due to a purge of senior military leaders

Front 22

Describe Ayatollah Khomeni's opposition to Saddam Hussein's Iraq.

Back 22

1. Iran- Shite Muslims, Iraq- Saddam Sunni (even though 20% of population was Sunni

2. Encouraged anti- Baath protest

3. He was bitter over being expelled in 1977

Front 23

Described the riots of 1979-80 that occurred in Iraq

Back 23

Anti Baath party riots took place and Saddam blamed Ayatollah Khomeini

Front 24

How did the west become involved in the Iran- Iraq war? Why?

Back 24

US feared destabilisation in the region for oil supplies and didn't want Islamic governments set up in other countries of middle east.

Front 25

What is the war of the tankers?

Back 25

Term refers to 1984 when both Iran and Iraq targeted each other with tankers and

Front 26

When did the conflict end?

Back 26

1988 Iran agreed to cease fire

Front 27

What were the cases of the Iran- Iraq war?

Back 27

Territorial disputes. Desire for Domination in the Gulf. How the Islamic revolution in Iran gave Saddam an opportunity.

Front 28

What were the consequences of the Iran- Iraq war?

Back 28

No leadership change, no border change. No diplomatic change. Huge death told 1 million Iran and 250- 500k Iraq. Huge economic damage