History 1St Semester Final

Front 1

Puritan Migration

Back 1

20,000 refugees from England migrate to America

Front 2

Halfway Covenant

Back 2

form of partial church membership created by the Puritan Church in 1662. Promoted by Reverend Solomon Stoddard.

Front 3

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Back 3

The orders describe the government set up by the Connecticut River towns, setting its structure and powers. Largely considered the first written Constitution in western history.

Front 4

The Dominion of New England

Back 4

Short lived administrative union of English colonies. On June 3, 1686, King James II of England decreed the creation of the Dominion as a measure to enforce the Navigation Acts and to coordinate the mutual defense of colonies against the French and hostile Native Americans.

Front 5

Joint Stock Company

Back 5

Joint stock companies paid out divisions, dividends, to their shareholders by dividing up the profits of the voyage in the proportion of shares held. Made it affordable to support early colonists in America.

Front 6

The House of Burgesses

Back 6

First elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619

Front 7

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Back 7

Uprising in the Virginia colony led by Nathaniel Bacon against Indians.

Front 8

Cash Crop

Back 8

Crop grown to make money, as opposed to crop grown to feed family and livestock.

Front 9

Mercantilism

Back 9

Economic theory that says the prosperity of a nation depends upon its supply of capital. Encourages more exports than imports. Led to the modern capitalist system.

Front 10

Navigation Acts of 1660's

Back 10

Series of laws which restricted the use of foreign shipping in the trade of England and its colonies. Resentment toward the Navigation Acts caused the Revolutionary War.

Front 11

Writs of Assistance

Back 11

General warrants that served as search warrants. Used to enforce the Navigation Acts.

Front 12

Pontiac's Rebellion

Back 12

Warriors from numerous Indian tribes joined the uprising in an effort to drive British soldiers and settlers out of the region. Named after the leader of the Ottawa, Pontiac.

Front 13

Stamp Act (1764)

Back 13

The fourth Stamp Act to be passed by the Parliament of Great Britain and required all legal documents, permits, commercial contracts, newspapers, wills, pamphlets, and playing cards in the American colonies to carry a tax stamp. The Act was enacted in order to defray the cost of maintaining the military presence protecting the colonies.

Front 14

Proclamation of 1763

Back 14

Issued by King George III. It forbade colonists of the thirteen colonies from settling or buying land west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Front 15

Sugar Act (1764)

Back 15

It revised the earlier Sugar and Molasses Act, which had imposed a tax of six pence per gallon on molasses in order to make English products cheaper than those from the French West Indies.

Front 16

Non-Importation

Back 16

Colonists signed documents promising not to import certain items from Britain or Europe.

Front 17

The Sons of Liberty

Back 17

Secret organization of American patriots in the 13 colonies. Enemies were the Loyalists. They attacked symbols of British authority and power such as property of the gentry, Customs officers, East India Company tea, and as the war approached, vocal supporters of the Crown.

Front 18

Declaratory Acts (1766)

Back 18

An act from the Parliamentary of Great Britain in an attempt to regulate the behavior of the colonies. It allowed Parliament to make laws and changes in the Colonial government.

Front 19

Townshend Acts (1767)

Back 19

Acts of Parliament of Great Britain proposed by Charles Townshend. Placed a tax on common products and granted certain duties in the British colonies. Taxed the ones importing goods making it more expensive for the colonists.

Front 20

Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770)

Back 20

An incident involving the deaths of five civilians at the hands of British troops on March 5, 1770, the legal aftermath of which helped spark the rebellion in some of the British colonies in America which culminated in the American Revolution.

Front 21

Boston Tea Party (Dec 16, 1773)

Back 21

An act of direct action by the American colonists against Great Britain in which they destroyed many crates of tea bricks on ships in Boston Harbor. Helped spark the American Revolution.

Front 22

Repressive Acts (1774) aka "Intolerable Acts"

Back 22

Laws passed by the Parliament of Great Britain. 4 of 5 were issued in direct response to the Boston Tea Party. Colonists organized the First Continental Congress in response to these laws.

Front 23

Quebec Act (1774)

Back 23

Act of the Parliament of Great Britain setting procedures of governance in the Province of Quebec.

Front 24

First Continental Congress (1774)

Back 24

Organized in response to the Repressive Acts (Intolerable Acts). Held in Philadelphia in 1774, with 55 members representing all American colonies except Georgia.

Front 25

Second Continental Congress (1775)

Back 25

Organized the Americans into war against Britain. Adopted the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation.

Front 26

Quartering Act

Back 26

This first Quartering Act occurred on 15 May 1765, and provided that Great Britain would house its soldiers in American barracks and public houses.

Front 27

East India Company

Back 27

An early joint stock company. It was granted an English Royal Charter by Elizabeth I on December 31, 1600, with the intention of favouring trade privileges in India.

Front 28

Lexington and Concord

Back 28

The first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. The battles marked the outbreak of open armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in the mainland of British North America.

Front 29

Articles of Confederation

Back 29

The first governing document, or constitution, of the United States of America. The final draft was written in the summer of 1777 and adopted by the Second Continental Congress on November 15, 1777 in York, Pennsylvania after a year of debate.

Front 30

Thomas Paine's "Common Sense"

Back 30

Series of pamphlets published anonymously during the American Revolutionary War. Based on how it was common sense for the colonies to separate from Great Britain.

Front 31

John Paul Jones "I have not yet begun to fight!"

Back 31

America's first well-known naval hero in the American Revolutionary War. During his engagement with Serapis, Jones uttered the legendary reply to a quip about surrender from the British captain: "I have not yet begun to fight!"
Contents

Front 32

Strict and Loose Construction

Back 32

Strict=conservatism, refers to a particular legal philosophy of judicial interpretation that limits or restricts judicial interpretation.

Front 33

Separation of Powers

Back 33

Executive, legislative and judicial. Term coined by Baron de Montesquieu.

Front 34

Virginia Plan & New Jersey Plan

Back 34

The Virginia Plan proposed a legislative branch consisting of two chambers where the states would be represented by their number of free inhabitants. The New Jersey Plan proposed a single-chamber legislature in which each state, regardless of size, would have one vote, as under the Articles of Confederation.

Front 35

The Great Compromise

Back 35

Agreement between large and small states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 resulting in the current United States Senate and House of Representatives.

Front 36

3/5's Compromise

Back 36

three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives. Proposed by James Wilson. Compromise reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787.

Front 37

Land Ordinance of 1785

Back 37

Congress did not have the power to raise revenue by direct taxation of the inhabitants of the United States. Therefore, the immediate goal of the ordinance was to raise money through the sale of land in the largely unmapped territory west of the original colonies acquired from Britain at the end of the Revolutionary War.

Front 38

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Back 38

It established the precedent by which the United States would expand westward across North America by the admission of new states, rather than by the expansion of existing states.

Front 39

Shay's Rebellion

Back 39

An armed uprising in Western Massachusetts from 1786 to 1787. The rebels, led by Daniel Shays and known as Shaysites (Regulators), were mostly small farmers angered by crushing debt and taxes.

Front 40

Thomas Jefferson

Back 40

The third President of the United States (1801–1809), the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of Republicanism in the United States. Major events during his presidency include the Louisiana Purchase (1803) and the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806).

Front 41

Alexander Hamilton

Back 41

One of America's first constitutional lawyers, he was a leader in calling the Philadelphia Convention in 1787; he was one of the two chief authors of the anonymous Federalist Papers, the most cited contemporary interpretation of intent for the United States Constitution.

Front 42

George Washington

Back 42

America's 1st president. Led the Continental Army to victory over the Kingdom of Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War.

Front 43

James Madison

Back 43

The fourth President of the United States (1809–1817), and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Considered to be the "Father of the Constitution", he was the principal author of the document.

Front 44

Ben Franklin

Back 44

One of the most influential Founding Fathers. A leading author and printer, satirist, political theorist, politician, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman and diplomat. During the American Revolution, he secured the French alliance that helped to make independence possible.

Front 45

General Charles Cornwallis

Back 45

One of the primary British generals in the American Revolutionary War. His 1781 defeat by a combined American-French force at the Siege of Yorktown is generally considered the end of the War.

Front 46

Battle of Yorktown

Back 46

A decisive victory by a combined assault of French forces led by General Comte de Rochambeau and American forces led by General George Washington, over a British Army commanded by General Lord Cornwallis. The surrender of Cornwallis’s army caused the British government to eventually negotiate an end to the American Revolutionary War.

Front 47

Federalists and Anti-Federalists

Back 47

Federalists supported the ratification of the Constitution. The Anti-Federalists opposed the creation of a stronger national government under the Constitution and at one time sought to leave the government under the Articles of Confederation intact.

Front 48

The Federalists Papers

Back 48

The Federalist Papers are a series of 85 articles advocating the ratification of the United States Constitution. They serve as a primary source for interpreting the Constitution.

Front 49

The Federalist Party

Back 49

Formed by Alexander Hamilton. Wanted a strong, nationalistic government.

Front 50

The Democratic-Republican Party

Back 50

Created by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Opposed the Federalist Party. Dominant party.

Front 51

Washington's Farewell Address

Back 51

Stressed the importance of unity, a strong Constitution, neutrality in European war and the danger of splitting political parties.

Front 52

The Bank of the United States

Back 52

Proposed by Alexander Hamilton. Eyed with suspicion by Southern states.

Front 53

Whiskey Tax/ Whiskey Rebellion

Back 53

Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, convinced Congress to tax liquor.

Front 54

Alien and Sedition Acts

Back 54

The Alien and Sedition Acts were four bills passed in 1798 by the Federalists in the United States Congress. Proponents claimed the acts were designed to protect the United States from alien citizens of enemy powers and to stop seditious attacks from weakening the government.

Front 55

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Back 55

In opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts. Written secretly by Jefferson and Madison.

Front 56

Nullification

Back 56

Declaring a law to be unconstitutional and have the chance to be nullified or invalidated. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions nullified the Alien and Sedition Acts in Kentucky and Virginia.

Front 57

Election of 1800 - Plurality

Back 57

Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams. The election was a realigning election that ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican Party rule and the eventual demise of the Federalist Party. (conflict included Burr) Caused the ratification of the 12th Amendment.

Front 58

XYZ Affair

Back 58

The American delegation to France, arriving in 1798, had been told that America had to pay $250,000 to see—not negotiate with—the French ambassador.

Front 59

Convention of 1800

Back 59

A meeting between the United States of America and France to terminate the alliance that had existed between them since 1778 and to settle the hostilities that had erupted during the Quasi-War. The Convention of 1800 meant the end of any American alliance with foreign countries. The United States, influenced by the farewell address of departing President George Washington, would not join an alliance with another nation for another century.

Front 60

Jay's Treaty (1794)

Back 60

British withdrawal from the posts that they occupied in the Northwest Territory of the United States, which they had promised to abandon in 1783. Wartime debts and the US-Canada boundary were sent to arbitration — one of the first major uses of arbitration in diplomatic history.

Front 61

Midnight Judges Act

Back 61

The Act reduced the number of seats on the Supreme Court from six to five, effective upon the next vacancy in the Court. No such vacancy occurred during the brief period the Act was in effect, so that the size of the Court remained unchanged.

Front 62

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

Back 62

Replaced the Embargo Act of 1807. This Act lifted all embargoes on American shipping except for those bound for British or French ports. The intent was to damage the economies of the United Kingdom and France. Like its predecessor, the Embargo Act, it was mostly ineffective, and contributed to the coming of the War of 1812. In addition, it seriously damaged the economy of the United States.The Non-Intercourse Act was followed by Macon's Bill Number 2.

Front 63

Chief Justice John Marshall

Back 63

The longest serving Chief Justice in Supreme Court history, Marshall dominated the Court for over three decades (a term outliving his own Federalist Party) and played a significant role in the development of the American legal system. Marshall has been credited with cementing the position of the judiciary as an independent and influential branch of government.

Front 64

Justice Samuel Chase

Back 64

He represented Maryland at the Continental Congress, was re-elected in 1775 and signed the United States Declaration of Independence. Could not return to Congress, because he was involved in an attempt to corner the flour market, using insider information gained through his position in the Congress.

Front 65

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Back 65

A landmark case in United States law and the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States, under Article Three of the United States Constitution.

Front 66

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Back 66

The acquisition by the United States of 828,000 square miles of French territory in 1803. The U.S. finally paid $23,213,568 for the Louisiana territory.

Front 67

Causes/Results of the War of 1812

Back 67

Reasons America declared war: outrage at the impressment (conscription) of American sailors into the British navy; frustration at British restraints on neutral trade; anger at alleged British military support for American Indians defending their tribal lands from encroaching American settlers; and a desire for territorial expansion of the Republic.

Results: The Treaty of Ghent: no territory was lost or gained, relations with Great Britain and US changed.

Front 68

War Hawks

Back 68

A member of the government House of Representatives of the Twelfth Congress of the United States who advocated waging war against Great Britain in the War of 1812. Leader was Henry Clay.

Front 69

Hartford Convention (1814)

Back 69

During the War of 1812 in which New England's opposition to the war reached the point where secession from the United States was discussed.

Front 70

Monroe Doctrine

Back 70

Proclaimed that European powers would no longer colonize or interfere with the affairs of the newly independent nations of the Americas.

Front 71

"Era of Good Feelings"

Back 71

After the War of 1812, nation united under Democratic-Republican party. Phrase coined by Benjamin Russel

Front 72

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Back 72

It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30' north except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri.

Front 73

Henry Clay's "American System"

Back 73

This program was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper, by providing a defense against the dumping of cheap foreign products, mainly at the time from the British Empire. Included 20-25% tax on imported goods, establishment of a national bank, improvement of the country’s infrastructure, especially transportation systems, making trade easier and faster for everyone.

Front 74

Rush-Bargot Agreement (1817)

Back 74

The treaty provided for the demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval armaments and forts still remained. The treaty laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the U.S. and British North America. Relations improving between Great Britain and America.

Front 75

John C. Calhoun and Nullification

Back 75

Calhoun pushed the theory of nullification, a states' rights theory under which states could declare null and void federal laws they deemed to be unconstitutional.

Front 76

Henry Clay

Back 76

Known as "The Great Compromiser" and "The Great Pacificator" for his ability to bring others to agreement, he was the founder and leader of the Whig Party.

Front 77

John Quincy Adams

Back 77

The 6th President of the U.S. He is most famous as a diplomat involved in many international negotiations, and for formulating the Monroe Doctrine.

Front 78

"The Corrupt Bargain" election of 1824

Back 78

Adams elected of Jackson, made Clay his Secretary of State. Jackson called it a corrupt bargain.

Front 79

The Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Back 79

Henry Clay and his Whig Party raised tariffs extremely high.

Front 80

Spoils System

Back 80

An informal practice by which a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party. Andrew Jackson was a proponent.

Front 81

National-Republican Party

Back 81

Adams supporters and Anti-Jacksonian politicians existed from approximately 1825-1833.

Front 82

Whig Party

Back 82

Leader Henry Clay. Formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and the Democratic Party.

Front 83

Kitchen Cabinet of Jackson

Back 83

Described the collection of unofficial advisors Andrew Jackson consulted in parallel to the United States Cabinet.

Front 84

Nicholas Biddle

Back 84

The president of the Second Bank of the United States.

Front 85

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Back 85

American essayist, poet, and leader of the Transcendentalist movement in the early 19th century.

Front 86

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

Back 86

The first women's rights convention held in the United States.

Front 87

Cult of Domesticity

Back 87

Women were put in the center of the domestic sphere and were expected to fulfill the roles of a calm and nurturing mother, a loving and faithful wife, and a passive, delicate, and virtuous creature.

Front 88

General Winfield Scott

Back 88

"Old Fuss and Feathers". Came up with the Anaconda Plan that defeated the Confederacy.

Front 89

General Zach Taylor

Back 89

"Old Rough and Ready" 12th president of the US.

Front 90

Nicholas Trist

Back 90

American dimplomat, private secretary to Andrew Jackson.

Front 91

Mexican War: causes and results

Back 91

Causes: Mexico did not recognize the secession and subsequent military victory by Texas in 1836; it considered Texas a rebel province.

Results: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo= Mexican sessesion.

Front 92

California Bear-Flag Revolt

Back 92

U.S. Army Major John C. Frémont had spread rumors of impending action against settlers by the Mexican government and encouraged rebellion. A group of thirty-three men strode into the Sonoma town center, and raised a flag with a bear and star on it (the "Bear Flag") to symbolize a new California Republic, independent from Mexico.

Front 93

Aroostook War

Back 93

An undeclared confrontation in 1838-39 between Americans and the United Kingdom regarding the international boundary between British North America and the United States. The dispute resulted in a mutually accepted boundary between the present-day state of Maine and provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec.

Front 94

49th Parallel

Back 94

US/Canada border. Agreement after supposed "Fifty Four Forty or Fight!"

Front 95

Wilmot Proviso

Back 95

The intent of the proviso, submitted by Democratic Congressman David Wilmot, was to prevent the introduction of slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico. Never passed, but is recognized as the first event in the path to Civil War.

Front 96

William Lloyd Garrison

Back 96

The editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Front 97

Know-Nothing Party 1856

Back 97

Nativist American political movement.

Front 98

Free-Soil Party

Back 98

The free soilers were against the expansion of slavery but not the idea of slavery; their goal was to gain the land to the west, and keep the land free of both blacks and slaves.

Front 99

Compromise of 1850

Back 99

California was admitted as a free state; Texas received financial compensation for relinquishing claim to lands west of the Rio Grande in what is now New Mexico; the territory of New Mexico (including present-day Arizona and Utah) was organized without any specific prohibition of slavery; the slave trade (but not slavery itself) was abolished in Washington, D.C.; and the stringent Fugitive Slave Law was passed, requiring all U.S. citizens to assist in the return of runaway slaves regardless of the legality of slavery in the specific states.

Front 100

Popular Sovereignty

Back 100

The belief that the state is created by you and therefore subject to you and the will of its people, who are the source of all political power.

Front 101

John Brown's Raid

Back 101

John Brown was an extreme abolitionist. He led the unsuccessful raid at Harpers Ferry in 1859 and the Pottawatomie Massacre in 1856 in Bleeding Kansas.

Front 102

Dred Scott vs. Stanford Decision

Back 102

People of African descent, whether or not they were slaves, could never be citizens of the United States, and that Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories.

Front 103

Election of 1860

Back 103

Abraham Lincoln elected, brought about the Civil War.

Front 104

Republican Slavery Platform 1860

Back 104

The five slave states of Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, and West Virginia which bordered a free state and aligned with the Union during the American Civil War.

Front 105

Northern Blockade

Back 105

During the American Civil War, in which the Union Navy maintained a massive effort on the Atlantic and Gulf Coast of the Confederate States of America designed to prevent the passage of trade goods, supplies, and arms to and from the Confederacy.

Front 106

Election of 1864

Back 106

Lincoln wins by a landslide.

Front 107

General George McClellan

Back 107

He organized the famous Army of the Potomac and served briefly (November 1861 to March 1862) as the general-in-chief of the Union Army.

Front 108

Jim Crow Laws

Back 108

Mandated "separate but equal" status for black Americans.

Front 109

13th, 14th, 15th Amendments

Back 109

13-Abolition of slavery, 14- Citizenship, state due process, state equal protection, applies Bill of Rights to the States, 15- Racial suffrage

Front 110

William H. Seward

Back 110

United States Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson.

Front 111

Compromise of 1877

Back 111

An informal, unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 U.S. Presidential election. Through it, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops that were propping up Republican state governments in South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana.