History 1320 Exam 1

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Frederick Jackson Turner

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1893- declared that the age of the American frontier had ended. His analysis reflected rapid expansion into the trans-Mississippi west after the civil war.

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John Muir

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1868- Luir came upon California and became a preservation champion. Played a part in the creation of Yosemite national park in 1890. Participated in a successful effort to classify certain parts of public domain as forest reserves.

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Longhorn cattle

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Commercial cattle frontier was the unanticipated result of the unions success in separating Texas from confederate cattle markets

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William Sherman

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Believed that the west belonged to the whites. In 1867 he ordered Philip Sheridan to deal with the tribes. Warned "all who cling to their old hunting ground are hostile and will remain so until killed off."

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New South

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Spokesmen for the New South tried to persuade southerners to replace genteel prewar ideals with the ethic of hard work.

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Sharecropper

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(Debt peonage) Farmers would receive supplies from a lender and in return would give him a share of their crop.

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Bessemer converter

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Need for a harder metal stimulated the development of the Bessemer converter that transformed iron into steel by forcing air through the liquid iron, thus reducing the carbon. The new process rapidly facilitated the expansion of the steel industry.

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Great Britain

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Great Britain, Germany, and the United States produced two thirds of the worlds manufactured products between 1870 and 1930. Germany and America developed large new enterprises while Great Britain continued to cling to the old ways of doing business rather than the new corporate structure.

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Corporations

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A business that could raise money to finance large scale operations by selling stock. Its legal identity means it can survive the death or original and subsequent shareholders while the principle of limited liability protected the personal assets of both shareholders and investors.

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Jane Addams

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Born in rural Illinois, Addams founded "Hull House" in Chicago in 1889.

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American Federation League

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Founded in 1886, became the dominant union in the 1890s. Leader of the AFL was Samuel Gompers who organized the AFL as a federation of skilled trades. Grew from 140,000 in 1886 to nearly 1,000,000 by 1900.

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James Garfield

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President in 1881

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Tariffs

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McKinley Tariff (1890) Raised the avg. duty on imports to almost 50 percent, an act designed to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.

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Social Darwinism

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Ideology of society that seeks to apply concepts of Darwinism or the theory of evolution to sociology and politics.

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Panic of 1893

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Serious economic depression marked by the collapse of railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing, resulting in a series of bank failures.

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Homestead Act

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Federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land at little to no cost. Grants consisted of totaling 160 acres.

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Wounded Knee

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Occurred on December 29, 1890. Massacre that left over 150 Sioux dead. Last battle of the Native American wars.

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Chinese Laborers

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Mostly male immigrants that came from China to work on the railroads and the mines.

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Birmingham

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Became the ideal of a Northern industrial city in the middle of the slow moving South.

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Cotton

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Main staple crop of the lower South. Central to Southern life and caused a one crop economy that ebbed and flowed with the prices of cotton.

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The Grange

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Founded in 1867, it is the oldest American agricultural advocacy group with a national scope.

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Vertical integration

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Vertically integrated companies have a supply chain with a single owner.Each member of the supply chain produces a different product and the products combine to satisfy a common need.

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Horizontal integration

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Strategy used by a business that seeks to sell a type of product in numerous markets. Goal is to consolidate like companies and monopolize an industry.

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John D. Rockefeller

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Founder of the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust. (Horizontal integration)

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Germany

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Along with the U.S. accounted for most of the worlds manufactured goods.

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Pullman Strike

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Nationwide conflict in the summer of 1894 between the new American Railway Union and the railroads that occurred in the United States. Shut down much of the nation's freight and passenger traffic west of Detroit. Response to wage cuts. Ended with an injunction by the federal government.

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Eugene V. Debs

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Founded the American Railway Union in 1893, an organization of unskilled railway workers. Ordered the strike against the Pullman company.

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J.P. Morgan

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Banker

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New Immigrants

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Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe. Italians, Greeks, Russians, etc..

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Middle Class

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The middle class of America expanded as people became more literate and their literacy was needed for white collar jobs.

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Child Labor

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Children were often chosen over grown men for jobs because they were more dexterous and could be paid a child's wage for a man's work.

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8-hour workday

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Lobor organizers demanded an 8-hour day and eventually it became the legal amount for a days labor.

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Knights of Labor

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Established in 1869 it became the largest and one of the most important American labor organizations. Promoted the social and cultural uplift of the workingman.

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Samuel Gompers

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Founded the American Federation of Labor. Promoted harmony among the different craft unions that made up the AFL.

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Homestead Strike

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An industrial lockout and strike which culminated in a battle between strikers and private security agents. The final result was a major defeat for the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers and a setback to organize steelworkers.

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Joseph Glidden

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An American farmer who patented barbed wire, an invention that changed the American west.

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Dawes Act

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The Dawes Act of 1887 authorized the President of the United States to survey Indian tribal lands and divide it into individual allotments for individuals. Amended in 1891 and again in 1906 by the Burke Act.

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Timber and Stone Act of 1878

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The United States sold Western timberland for 2.50 per acre in parcels of 160 acres. (Land was deemed unfit for farming) Companies used this act to purchase thousands of acres for natural resources at minimal cost.

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Ghost Dance

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Dance performed by the Sioux in which they saw visions of herds of buffalo, Native American expansion, and the fall of the white man. Scared white people to the point of calling for assistance by the U.S. army.

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Little Big Horn

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Armed engagement between the Native American forces and the U.S. Calvary. The U.S. Calvary suffered a severe defeat at the hands of the Native Americans including the death of George Custer.

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Buffalo

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Main source of food for the plains Indians. Killed in slaughtered in an effort to reduce the Indian population.

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Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

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Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal".

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Lynching

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A form of execution (hanging) used mostly by mobs. Mostly violence against African Americans.

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Frederick Douglass

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A leader for the abolitionist movement, gaining note for his oratory skills and incisive antislavery writing. Stood as a living argument to the idea that slaves were unintelligent and could not function as independent American citizens.

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W.E.B DuBois

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An American sociologist and civil rights activist that co-founded the NAACP 1909.

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Gilded Age

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Period following the Civil War between 1877 to the turn of the 20th century, an era of serious social problem covered by a thin veil of gold.

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Susan B. Anthony

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Prominent American Civil Rights leader who played a pivotal role in the 19th century women's right movement to introduce women's suffrage into the United States.

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"Full dinner pail"

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Slogan used by William McKinley in the presidential election of 1896 that promised that no family would be without food if he was elected.

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Civil Service

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A person who is employed by the government

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Gospel of Wealth

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Article written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self made rich. Central thesis was the fear of allowing large amounts of money to be passed into the hands of persons or organizations ill-equipped mentally and emotionally to handle them.

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Populist Party

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Established in 1891, based among poor white cotton farmers in the South and hard pressed wheat farmers in the plains states, represented a radical crusading for agrarianism and hostility to banks, railroads, and elites generally.

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Election of 1896

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One of the most dramatic elections in United States history. Republican McKinley defeated Democrat Bryan. Ended the old third party system and began a new fourth party system.

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William McKinley

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Republican candidate in the 1896 election which marked a period of dominance by the Republican party. Advocated the gold-standard and high tariffs that would restore prosperity.

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Women's Suffrage

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The right of women to vote and run for office. (Susan B. Anthony)

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Greenbacks

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American political party active between 1874-1884 that advocated non-gold backed American currency, also known as the Greenback Labor party.

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Silver issue

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Central American policy issue in the late 19th century. Advocates favored an inflationary monetary policy as opposed to the less inflationary gold standard.

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Social Gospel Movement

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Protestant Christian intellectual movement that was most prominent in the early 20th century. Applied christian ethics to social problems.

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William Jennings Bryan

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Dominant force in the Populist wing of the Democratic party. Christian, supporter of popular democracy and opposed the gold standard.

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Andrew Carnegie

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Created the United States steel industry and vertical integration helped him to monopolize the industry. (Robber Baron)

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"Jim Crow"

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Blatantly segregational southern laws that restricted the rights of black and segregated them from white facilities on the doctrine of seperate but equal.