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205 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The plasma membrane is a ? ? composed of ?, ? and ?.
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The plasma membrane is a dynamic structure composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins.
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Modified fluid mosaic model describes the structure of plasma membrane as a?-? ? ? formed by amphipathic lipid molecules. The ? ? ? of the lipid molecules face each other (inner hydrophobic portion of the bilayer), the polar heads form ? ?(? portions)
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Modified fluid mosaic model describes the structure of plasma membrane as a two-dimensional lipid fluid formed by amphipathic lipid molecules. The fatty acid chains of the lipid molecules face each other (inner hydrophobic portion of the bilayer), the polar heads form hydrophilic surfaces (two outer portions of the bilayer)
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The plasma membrane proteins can be classified as? and ? proteins.
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The plasma membrane proteins can be classified as integral and peripheral proteins
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Re: Lysosomes
Indigestible compounds may be retained in the cytoplasm, where they are called ? ?. |
Indigestible compounds may be retained in the cytoplasm, where they are called residual bodies.
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Re: Lysosomes and residual bodies
In certain cells ? accumulates (ex. in ? and ? cells). These are a component of ? or ? ? granules. |
Excessive iron in neurons and heart muscle cells is a component of lipofusin or age pigment granules that can be observed in light microscopy.
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3 diseases related to lysosomes?
Talk about what happens in one example. |
Lysosomal storage diseases: Tay-sachs, I cell disease and Hurler's disease
Lysosomes are essential in the metabolism of many substances in the body, therefore genetic defects in lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes can cause a number of diseases. 1) The specific product (e.g. glycogen, glycosaminoglycans) not digested by the faulty enzyme accumulates within the cell and interferes with the normal cellular functions. 2) Example: in I-cell disease mannose is not phosphorylated, which stops maturation of lysosomal hydrolyses in Golgi Apparatus. 3) Many of the lysosomal storage diseases affect skeletal and nervous system. |
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Mitochondrial disease
Describe two diseases. How do they work? What does one affect? Sx/S? |
Cardiolipin is found only in the membrane of mitochondria. Several enzymes embedded in the mitochondrial membrane need cardiolipin to function. Some people with autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, form antibodies against cardiolipin, which can lead to severe cardiovascular and neurological symptoms.
b. Mitochondrial diseases (~50 described disorderes) are caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA. The brain and the heart seem to be the organs most often affected. |
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5 functions of actin filaments?
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a. formation of the skeletal 3D network within the cell
b. part of specialized cell junctions c. formation of the structural support of microvilli on absorptive epithelial cell surfaces (the core of microvilli and terminal web) d. cell locomotion (regulation of actin polymerization and depolymerization by associated proteins is pivotal in formation of microspikes that extend the leading edges of moving cells). e. actin networks and microtubules cooperate to produce the outgrowths of neuronal cell processes |
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What are three inclusions of the intermediate filaments?
They all show a high degree of what? |
Include keratins, vimentin, desmin, and a family of neurofilaments.
High degree for tissue specificity. |
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GIve two examples of a pigment in CYTOPLASMIC INCLUSIONS section.
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(e.g. melanin, hemosiderin (breakdown product of hemoglobin))
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Give three classifications of heterochromatin.
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a. Marginal chromatin – at the periphery of the nucleus near the nuclear envelope
b. Karyosomes – discrete bodies of heterochromatin suspended in the nucleoplasm c. Nucleolar-associated chromatin – heterochromatin associated with the nucleolus |
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Regarding Microvilli
How is the microvilli core attached or anchored? What is this structure called and what 3 different types of fibers add to it? |
5. In the apical cytoplasm actin filaments are anchored in the terminal web.
6. The terminal web is a horizontal network of actin filaments added by spectrin, myosin, and tropomyosin (R&P, Fig. 5.3). |
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What is an axoneme?
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Core structure (axoneme) composed of a set of microtubules consisting of two central microtubules surrounded by nine microtubule doublets (9 + 2 pattern)
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Motile cilia hava a ? and ? configuration and contain a unique protein called ?.
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Cilia with 9 + 2 pattern are motile
a. Each axonemal doublet of microtubules has a pair of “arms” made up of a motor protein called dynein. Dynein arms move along the surface of the neighboring microtubule from the adjacent doublet. This process uses energy from ATP hydrolysis, and results in the sliding motion that moves the cilium. |
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Regarding apoptosis,
what does the apoptotic signal cause? What happens after this event? |
3. The apoptotic signal involves the release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm.
4. This event activates proteolytic enzymes called caspases that take apart the cellular content (R&P, Fig. 3.20). 5. Moderate lysosomal leak as another apoptotic signal. |
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T/F: Epithelium is vascular
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F
Epithelium is avascular, i.e. it does not have blood vessels |
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What are the 3 domains of epithelium? Describe each (what contacts).
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a tubular structure
1) The apical domain has special structural surface modifications (e.g. microvilli, cilia, and stereocilia) that perform specific functions. b. The basal domain - in contact with the underlying connective tissue c. The lateral domain - communication with neighboring cells |
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What structure separates epithelial cells from c.t.?
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The basal lamina
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Regarding Epithelium and its layers, what is the external lamina?
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b. is also found around other cell types that come in contact with connective tissue (e.g. muscle and fat cells where it completely surrounds the cells,is referred to as the external lamina)
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Regarding epithelium, what are the 3 types of macromolecules (e.g. fibers, etc...) that make up the basal lamina?
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contains type IV collagen, laminin, and proteoglycans
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What does the CLAP mnenomic mean w/r/t epithelium?
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contains type IV collagen, laminin, and proteoglycans... CLAP (in the basement)
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What is another structure similar to the basal lamina? (not external lamina)
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the reticular lamina - appear as a single layer referred to as the basement membrane
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Regarding epithelium
What what are the closest junctions (non-communicating)? Their purpose. Also include what special proteins they contain. |
Tight junctions (zona occludens)- act as a diffusion barrier, are most apical of all junctions and have CAMS (claudins and occludins)
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Which junction has 15-20 nm distance apart? What is their structure and function?
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Intermediate juntion (zonula adherens) link apical cytoplasm to the terminal web (actin) using catenins and cadherins.
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What are the spot junctions? What cytoplasmic anomoly appears next to them? What is the purpose of this object? What sort of proteins make it up? CAMs? What modified form of this junction appears? Where do proteins anchor on cytoplasmic anomoly?
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Macula Adherens (desmosomes)- this is for stress and abraison resistance, include CAMS desmoglein and desmocollin, has a structure adjacent to it called the desmosomal attachment plaque (due to accumulation of proteins like desmoplakins), proteins on the desmosomal attachment plaque attache to intermediate filaments (keratin) and are called hemidesmosomes when facing basal surface of cell.
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What junctions are found in smooth muscle cells? What is their purpose? What are their structure? What called in different cells? What activities require their presence for normal coordination?
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Gap(communicating junctions ! Not the same as intercalated discs) allow communication between cells of small molecules,
formed by 12 subunits of connexin that make connexons, called nexus when in cardiac cells and are important for 3 processes: (early embryonic development, myocardial electrical and contractile activity and smooth muscle contraction |
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Regarding epithelium who is uncle claud?
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uncle claude is MNEM for CAMs- claudins and occludins
-one needs a barrier to keep away uncle claud |
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Mnem for IM junction CAMs?
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Cat Caddy- cadherins and catenins
The cat caddy acts (actin) to hold ToWels (Terminal Web) |
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MNEM for Macula Adherens?
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Glee demolished my colon(like the t.v. show)-Desmoglein and desmocollin
--with a dismal attack plan (desmosomal attachment plaque) |
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What is simple squamous?
cell shape? nucleus characteristics? Where found (or what do?) If in ? it is called ?thelium. If in ? it is called ?thelium. |
a. Sheet of large flat cells
b. Pavement or mosaic appearance on surface view c. Flat or spindle-shaped in cross section, with a prominent nucleus and attenuated cytoplasm d. This type of epithelium lines structures or spaces. e. When it lines body cavities, it is called mesothelium. f. When it lines blood vessels, it is called endothelium. |
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Which tissue is a single layer, polygonal on a surface view and is secretory?
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simple cuboidal
lines ducts of secretory units. |
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What's the function(s) of simple columnar?
What is its shape on cross-section and what are characteristic of its nuclei? |
Absorption or secretion.
Rectangular in shape with basally located nuclei. |
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What type of cells are keratinized?
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Stratified squamous.
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What are the two layers of stratified squamous?
Where found? |
surface squamous
middle are differentiating basal cells are cuboidal Found in protective, less metabolically active epithelium |
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What is the makeup of stratified cuboidal cells and where are they found?
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They are made of 2+ layers of cuboidal cells and are found in the large ducts of exocrine glands
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What is the most rare stratified?
Describe its structure and where it is found |
Layers of cells with the top layer of cells columnar in shape
b. Found in the largest ducts of exocrine glands and in parts of the male urethra |
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Describe Pseudostratified columnar tissue
-cell orientation, shape, nucleus -where found -special structures |
All cells contact the basal lamina, but are of different heights so they appear to be layered.
b. The cells vary in shape. The nucleus tends to be in the widest part of the cell, so the nuclei appear at different levels within the epithelium. c. Lining type of epithelium, frequently ciliated 1) Found in the respiratory and urinary systems |
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Describe the relaxed state of transitional epithelium
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Relaxed state (non-distended) (R&P, Fig. 20.22)
1) Many layers (six or more in the bladder) 2) The surface cells bulge into the lumen – “puffy” or dome-shaped cells, frequently binucleate. |
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Describe the distended state of transitional epithelium
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Distended state
1) Fewer layers (often three) 2) Superficial layer becomes squamous |
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Describe the four classifications of multucellular glands
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the secretory portion (alveolar vs. tubular)
2) the duct system (simple vs. compound) 3) the nature of secretion (mucous vs. serous) 4) the mode of secretion (merocrine, apocrine, or holocrine) |
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What is PANDAMONIUM
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Mnem for 4 class multicellular glands
Portion NA ture Duct Mode 1) the secretory portion (alveolar vs. tubular) 2) the duct system (simple vs. compound) 3) the nature of secretion (mucous vs. serous)4.)the mode of secretion (merocrine, apocrine, or holocrine) |
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Whate are the secretory portions of ducts?
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alveolar vs. tubular
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What is MADCAP?
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MNEM for types of cancers
Metaplasia ADenocarcinoma CArcinoma Papilloma |
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Regarding connective tissue, what is the major components of glycosaminoglycans (4)
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Ground substance ) mainly glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins
1. glycosaminoglycans include: a. hyaluronic acid ) present in nearly all connective tissues, synovial fluid, vitreous humor, and Wharton’s jelly of the umbilical cord. Binds water and so is important in exchange of material between blood plasma and tissue cells b. chondroitin sulfate ) cartilage and bone c. dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate and heparan sulfate. |
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What is Hi Dubya, Chondi 's Dermis has killer herpes?
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MNEM for Glycosaminoglycans (George Bush).
HI = Hyaline CONDI = Chondroitin Dermis = Dermatan sulfate Killer = Keraton sulfate Herpes = heparan sulfate Ground substance ) mainly glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins 1. glycosaminoglycans include: a. hyaluronic acid ) present in nearly all connective tissues, synovial fluid, vitreous humor, and Wharton’s jelly of the umbilical cord. Binds water and so is important in exchange of material between blood plasma and tissue cells b. chondroitin sulfate ) cartilage and bone c. dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate and heparan sulfate. |
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What is put Vitamin Jelly on my Sinuses?
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MNEM for Hyaline cartilage locations: Wheaton's Jelly (umbilical cord, nucleus pulpus), VItreous humor and Synovial flud
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What is a Fibrocle?
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MNEM for three types of Glycoproteins:
Fibroconectin, Chondroconectin and laminin |
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What does: One Ring to RULE (or STOOL) them all, One Ring to LYSE them,: One Ring to bring them all and in the FATness bind them. mean?
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THis is a bit shaky, but
Rule(stools) refers to compartmentalization (like a feudal system) Lyse refers to immunilogical protection (still need to remember abraisive protection) Bring them together- support FATness-storage of fat Bind them, binding together spaces between cells, tissues and organs |
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Three types of fibers?
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Collagen, elastic fibers and reticular fibers
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What does trap college fights with fibbers mean?
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MNEM for tropocollagen, collagen fibrils collagen fibers
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What is My load never falls from Above? (Ricky and his post?)
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This is a pretty complicated mnenomic, but helps memorize all the info for reticular fibers
Ricky Trips in college,( Reticular fibers - type III collagen), joins a Freindfinder network (Fine network) and posts My Load Never Falls from Above (Myeloid, lymphyoid, nerve, fat, b.v.) |
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What is My load never falls from Above? (Ricky and his post?)
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This is a pretty complicated mnenomic, but helps memorize all the info for reticular fibers
Ricky Trips in college,( Reticular fibers - type III collagen), joins a Freindfinder network (Fine network) and posts My Load Never Falls from Above (Myeloid, lymphyoid, nerve, fat, b.v.) |
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What is My load never falls from Above? (Ricky and his post?)
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This is a pretty complicated mnenomic, but helps memorize all the info for reticular fibers
Ricky Trips in college,( Reticular fibers - type III collagen), joins a Freindfinder network (Fine network) and posts My Load Never Falls from Above (Myeloid, lymphyoid, nerve, fat, b.v.) |
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Describe the fibroblast nucleus.
What is lol pale sheets and shriveled cigar sex? |
1. large, flat, branching cell. spindle-shaped (fusiform); nucleus is large, oval or
elongated; nucleus is pale-staining (vesicular) in c.t. spreads, but shrunken and dark-staining in sectioned material lol large oval or elongated. Fusiform body (cigar). Then a spread ct pale or dark and shriveled sectioned (sex) |
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Describe young versus old fibroblasts.
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cytoplasm is relatively pale-staining, ranging from basophilic in young fibroblasts
to acidophilic in older, inactive fibroblasts (sometimes called fibrocytes) |
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Describe plasma cell and MNEM.
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MNEM Plasma screen showing grapes, a clock and duff beer blimp (differnentiated beta lymphocyte)
responsible for production of antibodies, so are most abundant in sites of chronic inflammation, relatively few elsewhere. 1. cell is large [10 -20 μm] and ovoid; cytoplasm is basophilic (blue) due to abundant RER and usually displays a negative Golgi; nucleus is spherical and eccentric, the alternating pattern of hetero- and euchromatin give the nucleus a ‘cartwheel’ or ‘clockface’ appearance. 2. plasma cells are thought to be differentiated B-lymphocyte (covered in lecture H10). |
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Describe the appearance of macrophages. MNEM?
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MNEM Macintosh typing with short, blunt fingers and on them are hairy nuckles with some fibers (more heterochromatin than fibroblasts)
Special stain One nuckle is fake (mononuclear phagocyte system) cell is irregularly-shaped [10 - 30 μm], with short, blunt processes, but occasionally long and slender; nucleus is ovoid and more heterochromatic than fibroblasts |
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Macrophage areas (4) MNEM
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Elvis needs KC bones
(alveolar) (nervous) (Kupffer) (bone) |
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Describe the Mast cell (MNEM)
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Captain's mast: picture a captain with a mess of Nachos in middle (nucleus), and many tiny heads on a spherical body
He is next to the ECFA flag, hissing, bleeding |
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Describe the Reticular cell (MENM)
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Reticular cell: Red color (colorado) prom, stella(long and thin dress) and newt (pale with a big nose (nucleus)) go together.
Unlike fibbers (fibroblasts) they stay close with their rubbers (fibers) |
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Describe loose C.T. (MNEM)
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Fl exing Cosby on camera in Deli. Flexible but delicate tissue. Recall jello with vessesls and nerves (lots of collagen)
surveilance loose network of different fiber types on which many cells are suspended; collagen fibers present but do not predominate 1. flexible but delicate tissue surrounds and suspends vessels and nerves, underlies and supports most epithelia and |
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What are the two dense fibers and what dominates?
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collagen fibers predominate; cells are mostly fibroblasts; less ground
substance than in loose c.t. |
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Describe dense, irregular c.t. (MNEM)
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ct. is very dense (dumb) and cant count higher than 10 (tensile strength)
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Describe dense, regular c.t. (MNEM)
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Densely packed sausages with plenty of (collagen). Good for mechanical forces (chewing). High in tendon and ligament
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Describe elastic c.t.
What distinguishes it from look-alike? |
wavy like rubber bands
(don't mistake for dense, regular c.t) Know elastic by more fibroblasts and special stain. |
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Describe Reticular c.t. (MNEM)
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Ready deli serves scabs over sweatbreads and miracle marrow
Redicular cell reticular fibers form a delicate, scaffolding on which cells are suspended. 1. reticular cells attach to the fibers and their long processes cover the fibers |
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Describe adipose c.t.
(4 functions) |
Thermal gear: thermal insulation, shock absorption, energy storage
shock absorbers in the soles of the feet and palms of the hand b. thermal insulator of the body c. padding or filler between tissues and organs 3. washed out lipid gives the tissue its ‘chicken wire’ appearance; |
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Embryonic ct. what are two types
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messy mucus
Mesenchymal c.t. and Mucoid c.t. |
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Describe Mesenchymal c.t. (MNEM)
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Mister star is pale (Michael Jackson)surrounded by criers, as he disappeared
Mesenchymal c.t. (mesenchyme) ) unspecialized type of c.t. found in the early weeks of embryonic life. a. Mesenchymal cell ) an embryonic c.t. cell that can develop into other c.t. cell types (pluripotential) i. In the embryo the cell is generally stellate-shaped; nucleus is oval and pale-staining with a prominent nucleolus; surrounded by abundant watery ground substance. ii. The cell is thought |
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Describe mucoid c.t. (MNEM)
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gas and fiber (ground substance and fibrocytes), think about someone biting an umbilical chord
with a bit of pineapple in between formed chiefly by ground substance that is jellylike in consistency; Connective Tissue - Page 4 of 4 the few cells that are found are mostly fibroblasts a. It is the predominant component of the umbilical cord (Wharton’s jelly) where it helps to prevent kinking of the umbilical vessels b. also found in the nucleus pulposus and the pulp of developing teeth. |
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What is the pro-college team?
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MNEM for cartelige, it is cells embedded in collagen and preoteoglycan ECM
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Where is cartilage found?
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Mnem, if Cartman's college had a mascot, it would be a giant nose with ten legs and double-joints
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Describe the the anatomical locations o f cartilages: (MNEM)
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3 doctors:
Gynecologist (meniscus, too much Jina, art cart monologues) Ear, nose and throat (nose, ear, larynx, trachea and epiglottis) Immoral (cost a lot, public syn) pervert-vertebral (IV discs) |
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What is unique about cartilage?.
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No nerds, limps no beavers.
nerves, lymphocytes, b.v. |
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Describe structure and function (MNEM)
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Compress fiber at Suncore, lots of sulfur gas in the water (resiliant to copmression, has fiber, has sulfer anions (glycosaminoglycans) and hydration via H2O)
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What are the 5 steps of Cartilage formation? (MNEM)
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1.) Massive (Mesenchymal cells differentiate)
2.) Pre-teens aggregate (Prechondroblasts or mesenchymal cells) 3) El Lay Collage on Synthesizer (elastic, aggrecan and collagen types synthesized) 4.) Cola Glucose was protein (collagen II dominates, Glycosaminoglycans[hyaluronic acid, chondroitin 4 sulfate, condroitin 5 sulfate, keratin sulfate], water, glycoproteins[chondronectin\ 5.) E contain my Earth (Accumulation of ECM territorial and interterritorial matrix) |
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Where is there no perichondrium?
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Around articular cartilage and fibrocartilage
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What are the inner and outer layers of perichondrium?
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Outer layer is fibrous (collagen I)
Inner layer is (undifferentiated layer of chondroblasts) |
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What is OFriCK?
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Outer perichondrium is FIBROUS, Collagen I
Inner pericondrum is CELLULAR undifferentiated chondroblasts |
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What are players of cartilage? Where located?
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CB and CC.
CB can make many matrix molecules (undifferentiated) CC is in ECM in lacunae, sometimes from same cell (isogenous units (groups)) |
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What are the two mechanisms for cartilage growth?
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Appositional (thumbs around the edge, perichondrium)
interstitial growth by cells dividing in the tissue |
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What is the mnem for the 3 types of cartilage?
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Heffer, Elk and Fur
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Describe Hyaline cartilage
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Hyaline- The hyena was too early at the plate and its kids had to eat hearts, pea scars and trash rings.
Mature fibrillar protein is Collagen II, temp. skeleton in fetal development (kids). Forms epihyseal plates, articular cartilage, epiphyseal cartilage and tracheal rings |
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What is unique about cartilage?.
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No nerds, limps no beavers.
nerves, lymphocytes, b.v. |
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Describe structure and function (MNEM)
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Compress fiber at Suncore, lots of sulfur gas in the water (resiliant to copmression, has fiber, has sulfer anions (glycosaminoglycans) and hydration via H2O)
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What are the 5 steps of Cartilage formation? (MNEM)
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1.) Massive (Mesenchymal cells differentiate)
2.) Pre-teens aggregate (Prechondroblasts or mesenchymal cells) 3) El Lay Collage on Synthesizer (elastic, aggrecan and collagen types synthesized) 4.) Cola Glucose was protein (collagen II dominates, Glycosaminoglycans[hyaluronic acid, chondroitin 4 sulfate, condroitin 5 sulfate, keratin sulfate], water, glycoproteins[chondronectin\ 5.) E contain my Earth (Accumulation of ECM territorial and interterritorial matrix) |
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Where is there no perichondrium?
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Around articular cartilage and fibrocartilage
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What are the inner and outer layers of perichondrium?
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Outer layer is fibrous (collagen I)
Inner layer is cellular (undifferentiated layer of chondroblasts) |
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What is O Frick?
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MNEM for layers of the perichondrium: Outer Fibrous layer (collagen Type I) and Inner cellu lar layer (undifferentiated)
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Pear MNEM
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Pear limp nerds b ver
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What are the two mechanisms of growth of cartilage?
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Appositional (opposable thumb)- periphery; Interstitial, which is division of cells inside the tissue
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What is the MNEM for the different types of cartilage?
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Heffer, Elk and Fur
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What is the H in Hef
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Hyena Heffer's kids to pea on the Platt and only found hearts, peas and tripe
Hyeline (collagen II), found in epiphyseal plate of kids, heart = articular cartilage, epiphyseal cart is peas (or pieces) tracheal rings is tripe |
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What is E in Hef
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Elk gloated to the pines
Elastic epiglottis II collagen pinae |
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What is F in Hef?
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Fibrocartilage. 1 2 knee 4.
Collagen types I and II, Menisci of Knees and IV discs |
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What are the layers of Articular Cartilage (MNEM)
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SIDC
Superficial Intermediate Deep Zone Calc. Cartilage |
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Expand the SIDC MENEM
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Superficial, squashed collagen sections straight (parallel) to surface
Intermediate zone- idiot inning (round cells, randomly distrubuted) Deep zone-Dumpy cells with dabs of collagen (bundles of collagen), separated by Cal Cart by tidemark (DEMARKATION) |
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What is above in wound repair?
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If above the tidemark, fibrous repair.
Above the tide fibers thrive |
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What is below the tide mark in wound repair of cartilage?
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Below the tide, clean the plate of bones and supper cold (penetration of subchondral bone plate), get the blood and artichokes (bledding into the articular lesion), and don't let Marry steal (marrow stem cells) the trojan condom near the American line(marrow cells start chondrogenesis along the chondrogenic line). Hygene fabulous. (hyeline cart to fibrocartilage)
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MENEM for 2 types of arthritis
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2 oars, right (diarthroid joints)
Osteo Arthritis and Rheumatoid |
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What is DEM
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DEM is the MNEM for Diaphysis, Epiphysis and Metaphysis of bone
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Expand DEM w/rt/ bone
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Diaphysis (cortical)- tie-dyed chords
Epiphysis (growth plate)- long for own place (pee on place) Metaphysis (cancellous [spongy or trabecular]) metal cans, suppoort tramp |
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What is is the I cough post?
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Periosteum
Inner cellular (osteogenic) outer fibrous layer |
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What is E in Hef
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Elk gloated to the pines
Elastic epiglottis II collagen pinae |
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What is F in Hef?
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Fibrocartilage. 1 2 knee 4.
Collagen types I and II, Menisci of Knees and IV discs |
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What are the layers of Articular Cartilage (MNEM)
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SIDC
Superficial Intermediate Deep Zone Calc. Cartilage |
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Expand the SIDC MENEM
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Superficial, squashed collagen sections straight (parallel) to surface
Intermediate zone- idiot inning (round cells, randomly distrubuted) Deep zone-Dumpy cells with dabs of collagen (bundles of collagen), separated by Cal Cart by tidemark (DEMARKATION) |
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What is above in wound repair?
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If above the tidemark, fibrous repair.
Above the tide fibers thrive |
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How know if above or below (where the tide goes) in bone remo (deling)? MNEM
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If above its fibrous love (fibrous repair)
If below the subchondral bone, blod in the articular blow (wound), genesis of Chondro, the marrow stems go, change along, the chondrogenic line, fibro cart. bro to hyaline you know |
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Other mnem for injury below the tidemark?
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Put out the subs with bone, so blood will absorb and let condoms trojan mark the different condrogen line
Penetration of the subchondral bone lets blood go into the articular lesion, and chondrogenesis from marrow cells can now begin along the chondrogenic line. If hyfi hyaline becomes fibrocartilage |
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What are the 2 types of arthritis? MNEM
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OAR- two oars on a boat- diathroid joints have either Osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis
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Malignant tumor from cartilage cells is called?
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chondrosarcoma
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What is MNEM for the parts of the bone? Expand it
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DEM
Diaphysis Epiphysis Metaphysis Democrats want to help homeless hippies, divert thier court contracts, Meddle with can-sporting-tramps and give hippies a place to grow Divert-diaphysis contract-compact court cortical Hippy place to grow- Epiphysis epiphyseal growth plate Meddle-metaphysis, cans = cancellous and sporting tramps is spongy or trabecular |
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What is the PICO Off?
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MNEM for Periosteum
inner cellular (osteogenic) Outer fibrous |
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MENM for periosteum contents and formation?
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Perry curcumcised and now has no veins or nerves
-circumferential growth, b.v. and nerves |
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What is the endosteum and where is it located
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Inner layer adjacent to the marrow cavity
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Who are the 4 players of bone?
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Poor bob hosts octipi:
He is indifferent to pods, is obsessive because he got A VD pathology from 1 call girl (wanda wrinkle), hosts these inactive creatures and The octopi are really monkeys connected at the pits and calcanii. Indifferent=undifferentiated pods POB Obsessed (Osteoblasts) b/c got VD (vitamin D receptors) Pathology (PTH) from 1 call girl (type 1 collagen) Wanda wrinkl (RANKL) Hosts unactive-oc unactive and don't divide Octipi, monkeys (monocytes) connected at Pitts (PTH) and Calcanii (calcitonin) |
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Who are the 4 players of bone?
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Poor bob hosts octipi:
He is indifferent to pods, is obsessive because he got A VD pathology from 1 call girl (wanda wrinkle), hosts these inactive creatures and The octopi are really monkeys connected at the pits and calcanii, which reek. Indifferent=undifferentiated pods POB Obsessed (Osteoblasts) b/c got VD (vitamin D receptors) Pathology (PTH) from 1 call girl (type 1 collagen) Wanda wrinkl (RANKL) Hosts unactive-oc unactive and don't divide Octipi, monkeys (monocytes) connected at Pitts (PTH) and Calcanii (calcitonin) Octopi reek and are rank (rank receptor) |
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What is difference between RANK and RANKL?
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Rank is on the skank (receptor)
and RANKL is sprinkled (osteolast-differentiation factor) |
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3 main principles of Mineralizatio nof osteoid to form bone?
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Cal and phos on Collagen I to form hydroxyapetite
hydtroxy apetite and collagen makes it hard and store cal Vit. D is required |
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Mnem for mineralization of osteoid?
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1.) Pho in cali never have 1 oyster (they hide)
2.)Heidi has more appetite than coleen, stores cookies (calcuim) 3)Got milk? |
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What difference between vit D deficiency in adults versus kids?
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rickets in kids and osteomalacia in adults
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Mnem of 4 principles of bone resorption?
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1.) Skank and sprinkles leads to mature clasping
(RANKL-RANK leads to maturation of OC) 2.) Carbonated beverages have pretty label, but too little water Carbonic anhydrase II provides carbonic acid, H+ source, and are transported via the ruffled border to Extra cellular space |
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IN bone resporption How Ca2+ and collagen removed?
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Carbonic Anhydrase II makes H+ from carbonic acid (xport along ruffled border), where acid takes out Ca2+, and Matrix metalloproteins and other hydrolytic enzymes break down collagen
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What are the two bone cell lines?
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OB and OC not related
OB frmo mess that make CFU-F OC from mononuclear homopoietic progenitor cells, which fuse and differentiate in presence of cytokines |
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Discuss menem for OB cell lines.
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OB docs are messy, CPU Fu**ers, which fight fat mobs.
OB from mesenchymal cells that give rise to CFU-F (colony-forming unit-fibroclastic), which give rise to adipocytes, fibroblasts, myoblsts and OB (local regulatory stim differentiate these types) |
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What is the mnem for OC line?
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Awkward money hemp stick together with mocos and wrinkles.
Osteoclasts arise from mononuclear hemopoietic progenitor cells, which fuse and differentiate in presence of cytokines, including monocyte colony stimulating factor and RANKL. THen they apoptose |
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What are the three histological organizations of bone?
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Whoy Cops can't bone.
Woven bone Cortical (compact) Spongy (cancellous, trabecular) |
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Why can't cops bone?q
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The court is too compact.
Cortical bone is compact. |
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What are traberculae and where are they found.
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They are live mature compact bone in structure, are found in spongy bone and are in the vertebrae, carpal and hip bones
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What happens to woven bone?
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OC unweave and OB weave, then osteons form.
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How are osteons oriented?
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parallel to the longitudinal axis of the bone
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What is relationship and orientation of vasculature through compact bone?
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Volkmann's canals run perp to Haversian canals (which run parallel to long axis of bone)
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What is the deal with remodeling bone? MNEM
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Remodel = resorption and re-formation,
Outward from central canal is centrifugal (throw the fuc* out) and lamellar bone formation is centripetal. First centrifugal and then centripetal (FIrs FUcG and then Ped) |
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What are old lamellae called?
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Intistitial lamellae, they organize on the compact bone surfaces into inner and outer circumferential lamellae
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What is a mutation collagen that makes weak bones?
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Ostegenesis imperfecta
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What is MBD?
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Metabolic bone disease. Linked to a dysequillibruim between resorption and re-formation. If resorption occurs without formation, reduced bone mass and altered architecture occurs
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What are the two forms of bone formation?
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Intermembranous ossification and endochondral ossification
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What is Bender in ten?
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Bone: endochondral bone formation and intermembranous ossification
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What is the intern mnem?
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This is a mnenomic for intermembranous ossification
1.) Messy climate (mesenchymal cells in membrane are pluripotential) 2.)OB Boast, becomes OC OB lay down osteoid 3.) Joints and Fatties, and in out Dippy OC dies, this process occurs in joints (oss centers), Flat bones are fatties, and they have more formation on the surfaces forming an inner and an outer plate, which is separated by a layer of spongy bone called a diploE.. |
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What is the End of Ken?
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MNEM for Endochondral bone formation
1.)Born on HIghway 2.) Messy kid can be OC or OB 3.) Switched with vasculature 4.) Started to appear on Parrot 5.)Parrot made OBnoxious sounds 6.) Cal (Ken's neighbor) car had Parrot's bud, his vest 7.)Rave cooler and cal's mate with OP 8.) OP to OB to Osteoid ost, Olympia beer to turd 9) Primus in Shaft 10) See epi (art and peeglate) 11) Zones a)rest HI b) Prolifers divide columns c)hyperactive (dec. vol and X colalgen) d) Zone of cal curdle e.) Loss zone (oss zone), empty lake 12 DB takes residence on calcart trab mat, changes lay down cement on final areas metaphysics |
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What is the P Plate?
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Epiphyseal plate
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Thumbs?
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Appositional growth
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What si the Clot MNEM
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MNEM for repair of fractures:
1) Okki dies 2) eating buffet (at funeral) 3)call out 4)ex in area in between ends 5)endo and pear, fix and tie down ends 6) Ex grows large and srangled, leaving H wounded 7.) op Trab primary 8) Callus support 2 ends |
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Where does the endochondral cartilage model come from?
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It comes from mesenchyme
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Mesenchymal cells can become what?
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They can become either OB or OC
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HOw does ossification start in a long bone in fetus?
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Fetal perichondrium that surrounds the diaphysis of the cartilaginous bone model produces osteoblasts.
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What is the the bone collar.
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The osteoblasts lay bone around the bone mode's diaphysis--which is called a bone collar
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WWhat happens to cartilage adjacent tot he bone collar?
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Fetal perichondrium becomes periosteum and cartilage of the bone model in area adjacent to the bone collar calcifies.
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What is the periosteal bud?
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It is blood vessels that burrow into the bone collar (the freshly laid layer of bone around the diaphysis) and bring in osteoprogenitor cells
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What do OP have to do with OC
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Op become OB after brought into the periosteal bud
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What is the primary ossification center?
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It is the site in the shaft where bone is initiall laid
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What is the secondary ossification center?
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It is the area in the epiphyses where cartilage ossifies.
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What is the only type of cartilage that remains in the epiphyseal growth plate?
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NOt sure.
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What are serous demiluna?
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Structures that cap serous/mucus secreting cells.
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What happens in the hypertrophic zone?
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Large chondrocytes reduce their volume, synthesize X collagen
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When do chondrocytes undergo apoptosis in endochondral ossification?
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Cal cart zone
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What happens in oss zone?
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empty lacunae are invaeded by bone marrow and osteoblasts take up residence on remaining cal cart matrix trabeculae
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Concerning endochondral ossification, what is the area underneath the growth plate?
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Metaphysis
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What is the funtion of the epiphyseal plate?
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It allows for continued growth during childhood
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What are the steps for growth in the epiphyseal plate?
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Bone grows in length when new cartilage is put down.
Rates of bone deposition and cartilage proliferation are equal. Epiphyseal plates close and only growth possible is appositional growth. |
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What is the bone age?
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Epiphyseal plates of different bones ossify at different ages, so one can determine the bone age.
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What type of cartilage remains on the surface of epiphysis?
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Hyaline cartilage, forming the articular cartilage of the joint.
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What is responsible for circumferential growth?
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The periosteum (appositional growth)
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w/r/t bone what are three factors that cause remodeling?
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growth factors, pregnancy, hormones and bone stress from muscular contraction
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What are the major steps of bone fracture repair?
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1.) b.v. cause clot
2.) damage to matrix cause osteocytes to die, phago cytic cells remove clot and debris 3.) New soft tissue called callus forms-ext callus is around the area of fracture and internal calus is between the fractured ends 4.)Periosteum and endosteum adj to fracture produce osteoprogenitor cells that invade fracture area 5) Ext callus grows and thickens, decreasing blod supply to deep ext callus, and hyaline cartilage forms(will be replaced by bone in a process similar to endochondral ossification) 6.) OSteoprogenitor cells invade inner callus and make trabeculae of primary bone that uniites fractured ends |
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What is the difference btw ext and int callus
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Ext callus operates on the area of the fracture and int callus is between the fx ends
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Who are the playes in fracture repair?
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b.v., ocy, callus, periosteum, endosteum, hyaline cartilage, op cells and phagocytes
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What is OP role in repair of Fx
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Invade int. callus (after hyaline cartilage laide down from decreased blood supply in deep ext callus)
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What are the three properties of neurons? MNEM?
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Excitability or irritability ) Neurons respond to stimuli, either physical or
chemical by altering electrical potential differences that exist between the inner and outer surfaces of their membranes. 2. Conductivity ) The electrical potential changes can then be spread or propagated throughout the neuron, which is called an action potential. 3. Transmission ) Information in one neuron is then relayed to one or more neurons through specialized junctions called synapses or to effector organs such as skeletal muscle through a somewhat different type of junction. See ET (CET) |
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What is the other name for a soma>
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Perikaryon
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What is the name for the absense of basophilic staining in soma and why occur?
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called chromatolysis and is response to injury
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What is Nissl substance?
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RER and poly ribosomes
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What are the neuro macromolecules that help support?
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Neurofibrils and seen as groupings of intermediate filaments and microtubules that xport substances down axon (axonal flow or transport)
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What occurs in special structures that are yellow in soma?
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Lipofuscin molecules have lysosomal ez. that increse with age
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What are the two types of dendritic receptors?
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unencapsulated and capsulated
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w/r/t dentrites describe encapsulated receptors (what two structures are included?)
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encapsulated receptors are wrapped with c.t. and in the skin are sometimes found as Pacinian or Meissner's corpuscles. Other types are commonly found in muscle tendon and joints
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Axon hillock is devoid of what? called?
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Devoid of Nissl substance. Called physiological chromatolysis
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What is area where neuron contacts muslce.
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THe muscle is postsynaptic and called a neuromuscular or myoneural junction
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Two forms of neuronal synapses?
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Chemical or electrical
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Describe the three major structures involved with chemical synapses.
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Synaptic boutons or terminal endings are the swellings at the distal end of the axon,
synaptic vessicles are membrane bound neurotransmitters--can be excitory, inhibitory of modulatory |
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What are the different kinds of neurotransmitters?
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AcH, amines (dopamine, histamine, norepi, serotonin) AA (glycine and glutamine) and peptides
synaptic cleft |
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What is the motor end plate?
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The presynaptic component of the neuromuscular junction
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What are the four major types of multipolar neurons and where found?
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MNEM PAMPers
Purkinje cell-like a medussa, pear-shaped somea with two major apical dendridtes that brance many times like a tree; many spines Autonomic ganglia cells-appear fairly round b/c dendrites are thin, having delicate attachments to soma Motor neurons-of the spinal chord wth random dendrites with broad bases Pyramidal cells of cerebral cortex with a triangular-shaped soma with lone large apical dendrite and several smaller basal dendrites |
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What are the 4 supportive cells of the CNS? How many of PNS?
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Oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes, eppendymal cells
2 in PNS Schwann cells and satellite cells |
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What is the function of the MEOW (Meoa)
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MIcroglia-invade from blood inresponse to injury
Eppendymal cells- line ventricles and central canal;modified forms produce CSF in choroid plexus Oligodendrocytes-provide myelination Astrocytes-ensheath b.c, layer between pia mater and underlying nervous tissue (BBB), form a type of scar tissue in response to injury |
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What is the SS in CNS?
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Schwann cells-myelinate
Satellite cells-surround and nourish dorsal root ganglia cells and other neuronal cell bodies |
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What is the difference between myelinated and unmyelinated axons in PNS and CNS.
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IN PNS, not wrapped by Schwann but axons are enclosed within cytoplasm
In CNS are truly nude |
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What is the gray matter?
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MNEM dumb slob bled after grazed with ax-what a pill!
dendrites and unmyelinated axons, cell bodies (slob), neuronal processes, glial cells and blood vessels--neuropil |
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3 sheaths in nervous system
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endoneurium, perineurium and epineurium
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What are ganglia?
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Ganglia are cell bodies outside of the central nervous system.
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Describe three types of ganglia.
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Dorsal root ganglia-associates with dorsal root of spinal nerves
Cranial nerve ganglia-associated with certain cranial nerves Autonomic ganglia-assocates with autonomic nerves |
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Regarding nerves, what are the two structures taht are specific with autonomic nerves?
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Auerbach's myenteric plexus
and Meissner's submucosal plexus A- A part of the enteric nervous system, Auerbach's plexus (or myenteric plexus), exists between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscularis externa in the gastrointestinal tract and provides motor innervation to both layers and secretomotor innervation to the mucosa, having both parasympathetic and sympathetic input, whereas Meissner's plexus has only parasympathetic fibers. It arises from cells in the nucleus ala cinerea, the parasympathetic nucleus of origin for the tenth cranial nerve (vagus), located in the medulla oblongata. The fibers are carried by both the anterior and posterior vagal nerves. It is found in the muscles of the esophagus, stomach, and intestine.[1] The myenteric plexus is the major nerve supply to the gastrointestinal tract and control GI tract motility.[2] Meissner's The nerves of the small intestines are derived from the plexuses of parasympathetic nerves around the superior mesenteric artery. From this source they run to the myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus) of nerves and ganglia situated between the circular muscular fibers and the longitudinal muscle fibers of the Muscularis externa. From this a secondary plexus, the plexus of the submucosa (Meissner's plexus, Submucous plexus, submucosal plexus) is derived, and it is formed by branches that have perforated the circular muscular fibers. This plexus lies in the submucous coat of the intestine; it also contains ganglia from which nerve fibers pass to the muscularis mucosae and to the mucous membrane. The nerve bundles of the submucous plexus are finer than those of the myenteric plexus. Its function is to innervate cells in the epithelial layer and the smooth muscle of the (muscularis externa). |
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Meissner's submucosal plexus
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The nerves of the small intestines are derived from the plexuses of parasympathetic nerves around the superior mesenteric artery. From this source they run to the myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus) of nerves and ganglia situated between the circular muscular fibers and the longitudinal muscle fibers of the Muscularis externa. From this a secondary plexus, the plexus of the submucosa (Meissner's plexus, Submucous plexus, submucosal plexus) is derived, and it is formed by branches that have perforated the circular muscular fibers. This plexus lies in the submucous coat of the intestine; it also contains ganglia from which nerve fibers pass to the muscularis mucosae and to the mucous membrane. The nerve bundles of the submucous plexus are finer than those of the myenteric plexus. Its function is to innervate cells in the epithelial layer and the smooth muscle of the (muscularis externa).
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Auerbach's myenteric plexus
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It arises from cells in the nucleus ala cinerea, the parasympathetic nucleus of origin for the tenth cranial nerve (vagus), located in the medulla oblongata. The fibers are carried by both the anterior and posterior vagal nerves. It is found in the muscles of the esophagus, stomach, and intestine.[1] The myenteric plexus is the major nerve supply to the gastrointestinal tract and control GI tract motility.[2]
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HOw are muscles attched to bone? MNEM
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Upon neuro's tent
Aponeuroses or tendons |
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What divides up the muscle belly?
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Fascicles
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What covers fascicles in skeletal muscle?
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Perimysium
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What does epimysium surround?
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Surrounds tendons or aponeuroses
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What are the Two lines and three bands of muscle?
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A anisotropic-myosin
Zline mid I band I isotropic-actin unbound Mline mid H, on mid myosin H is unbinded portion of the A band (myosin) |
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What are T-tubules?
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They are invaginations of the sarcolemma that connect inside of cell to outside
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What junction attaches to SER of skeletal muscle (named?)
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AI junction is wher terminal cisterna are located, Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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What are three differnces between cardiac and skeletal muscle cells?
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intercalated discs, T tubules are continuous on cardiac mucle (terminal cisterna are not) and lie over Z lines (diads instead of triads), nuclei are central and mono in cardiac cells and cardiac cells are not continuous.
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What is an intercalated disc?
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MNEM DFAGJ DJ FAKE
Desmossomes, fascial adherens and gap junctions. |
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What is unique about smooth muscle cells?
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Have gap junctions, are not striated, do not have T tubules (but does have sarcolemma), fusiform, Myosin attach to dense bodies (comparable to Z lines or to sarcolemma), sarcolemma present as tubules and not well developed
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