His 101 Final Key Terms

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Carolingian Renaissance

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o From 8th – 9th century
o Occurred during Charlemagne’s and Louis the pious rule
o The 1st of 3 medieval renaissances
o Period of intellectual and cultural revival in the Carolingian empire
o Occurred in western Europe

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Charles Martel

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o Born in 688 – died in 741
o Charles the hammer
o Frankish political and military leader
o Mayor of the eastern part of the Frankish kingdom from 715 – till death
o Played a crucial role in the development of feudalism and knighthood
o In 732, he reunited and ruled the entire Frankish realm and stopped the Muslim invasion at Poitiers in

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Charlemagne

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o Born in 747 – died in 814
o Charles the Great
o King of the Franks from 768 – till death
o King of the Lombard’s from 774 – till death
o Holy Roman Emperor from 800 – till death
o Frankish king who conquered most of Europe
o The first holy roman emperor

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Vikings

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o From 8th – 11th century
o Scandinavian seafaring warriors
o The Vikings created settlements throughout their travels, broke up smaller Empires, and expanded Europe's knowledge and concept of the world
o Sailed in longships and raided cities and towns on Europe coasts
o Their burning, sealing, and killing earned the name Viking, meaning “pirate”

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Feudalism

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o From 9th – 12th century
o Feudalism, also called feudal system
o Social, economic, and political system in western Europe
o Named Feudal system in 17th century
o Named Feudalism and feudal pyramid in 18th century
o system of structuring the society around relationship based on holding land in exchange for labor or services
o Rose after the fall of Rome

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William the Conqueror

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o Born in 1028 – died in 1087
o William I
o One of the greatest soldiers and rulers of the Middle Ages.
o Duke of Normandy as William II in 1035
o King of England from 1066 till death – first Norman king
o Turned Normandy into leading political and military power of northern France
o Defeated England Battle of Hastings in 1066
o Introduced Norman practice of building castles
o Imposed French language and culture on England

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Capetian Dynasty

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o From 987 – to 1328
o Founded by Hugh Capet in 987
o Was the largest and oldest ruling house of France during the feudal period
o Dynasty of rulers, encompassed 15 kings
o All Capetians descended from Robert the Strong
o Capetian dynasty took the throne of France form descendants of Charlemagne

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Crusades

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o Called the Holy Wars
o Started in 1095 – till 1291
o In 11th century, two-thirds of ancient Christian world was conquered by Muslims
o In 1291, Latin Christians were expelled from their kingdom in Syria
o The Crusades continued after 1291, intended to halt or slow the advance of Muslim power
o Crusades declined 16th century with the beginning of Protestant Reformation and decline of papal authority
o Fought to obtain holy lands back in Jerusalem
o Pope Urban the II of the Roman Catholic church started Crusades

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Magna Carta

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o Signed in 1215 and alterations were made in 1216, 1217, and 1225
o Called the “Great Charter”
o The charter was the beginning of constitutional government in England
o The Magna Carta limited the power of English Monarchs
o Magana Carta was drafted by Archbishop Stephen Langton and Barons of England
o King John was forced to sign the charter because it limited his power
o First document force upon a king of England
o Charter of English liberties

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King John I

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o Nickname John Lackland
o Born in 1167 – died in 1216
o King of England from 1199 – till death
o Youngest son of Henry II
o When Henry died John was not left any land, so John was called John Lackland
o Most associated with signing the Magna Carta
o In 1204, John's army was defeated; Lost most of England possessions in France; and he was given a new nickname - John Soft-sword
o In 1202, he lost the Dutch of Normandy to king Phillip II of France

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Papal Monarchy

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o Known as The Doctrine of Petrine Supremacy
o In 1059, church council took a step in freeing the papacy from secular control by establishing the College of Cardinals in 1179, to elect future popes
o The first Pope that deposed corrupt bishops and re-stated papal supremacy over all the clergy was Leo IX from 1049 - 1054
o The pope, as pastor of the entire Christian Church, has full, supreme, and universal power over the whole Church
o Proposed Canon law– marriage laws; principles of sacerdotium to imperium (priesthood power to command)
o Popes sought to establish a reputation for justice as a means of acquiring power much like king s

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University

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o In 1079, Pope Gregory VII issued a papal decree mandating the formation of cathedral schools that would be responsible for educating the clergy.
o This decree ultimately led to the spread of educational centers which evolved over time into the universities of medieval Europe
o In 11th century, first university in the West was founded in Bologna; widely respected school of canon and civil law
o In 1150, first university to arise in northern Europe was the University of Paris, known for its teaching of theology
o Medieval schools were known as Studia Generalia

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Saint Thomas Aquinas

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o Nickname “Doctor Angelicus”
o Born in 1224 – died in 1274
o One of the 33 doctors of the church
o Was an Italian Catholic priest in the Dominican Order
o Honored as a saint by the Catholic Church
o Model teacher for those studying for the priesthood
o Considered to be the church's greatest philosopher and theologian in scholasticism
o His two masterpieces, the Summa theologiae and the Summa contra gentiles

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Mongols (Tatars)

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o Unlike the Mongols, these peoples spoke a Turkic language
o In the 13th century a fusion of Mongol and Turkic took place and the Mongol invaders of Russia and Hungary became Golden Horde
o The Golden Horde disintegrated in the 14th century into the independent Tatar khanates

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Ivan IV the Terrible

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o His nickname of Terrible actually means Strict in Russian not Terrible
o Born in 1530 – died in 1584
o Grand prince of Moscow from 1533–1547
o Was the first to be declared Tsar of Russia in 1547
o Founded the Moscow Print Yard, Russia's first publishing house
o His conquests turned Russia into a state spanning almost one billion acres.
o Ivan's activities paved way to the establishment of the absolutism
o Ivan left Russia an empire, thanks to the seizure of the non-Russian lands

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Black Death

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o Started in Europe in 1347 and ended in 1351
o Caused by Y. pestis bacterium
o The plague was transmitted to Europeans in 1347 when a Kipchak army, surrounded a Genoese trading post
o In 1400, the population in England was perhaps half what it had been 100 years earlier
o Estimate of 25 million people died in Europe
o It killed at least a third of Europe's population

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Hundred Years' War

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o Started in 1337 and ended in 1453
o The Hundred Years War actually lasted for 116 years
o All of the battles of the Hundred Years War were fought in France
o Was cause from disputes of English and French claimants to the throne and economic conflict
o One of the largest, longest, and most wide-ranging military conflict.
o The Hundred Years War was fought between England and France and later Burgundy

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Chaucer

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o Born in 1342 — died in 1400
o Geoffrey Chaucer
o Nickname is “Father of English Literature”
o In 14th century, contributed to the management of public affairs as courtier, diplomat, and civil servant
o Wrote The Canterbury Tales; ranks as one of the greatest poetic works in English and finished writing it in 1400

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Renaissance

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o From 14th – 17th century
o “Rebirth”
o Cultural movement started in Italy
o Increase of interest in learning and values
o Discovery and exploration of new ideas and inventions
o Decline of the feudal system and the growth of commerce
o New philosophy of humanism was formed
o A time of free thinking
o Art flourished during the Renaissance; Famous artists Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo

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Humanism

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o From 13th – 14th century
o Developed in northern Italy during the and later spread
o Francesco Petrarch was the first Humanist
o Started a variety of beliefs, methods, and philosophies that place central emphasis on the human realm
o Alternately known as “Renaissance humanism,”
o Exposed flaws in religious beliefs and churches

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Leonardo da Vinci

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o Born in 1452 — died in 1519
o Italian painter, draftsman, sculptor, architect, and engineer
o Symbolized the Renaissance humanist ideal
o One of the trinity of great masters during the renaissance
o His Last Supper and Mona Lisa are among his popular and influential paintings of the Renaissance
o An Italian renaissance polymath because of his mass of professions

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Michelangelo Buonarotti

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o Born in 1475 — died in 1564
o Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, and poet
o Huge influence on the development of Western art
o Considered the greatest living artist in his lifetime, and in history
o One of the trinity of great masters during the renaissance
o Painted the last judgment in the Sistine chapel

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Raphael Santi

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o Born in 1483— died in 1520
o Master painter and architect of the Italian High Renaissance
o Best known for his painting Madonna, of Mary the mother of Jesus
o Known for his painting, The School of Athens in the Vatican
o One of the trinity of great masters during the renaissance

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John Calvin

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o Born in 1509 — died in 1564
o Theologian and ecclesiastical statesman
o Leader French Protestant Reformer and the most important figure in the second generation of the Protestant Reformation
o Founder of Calvinism
o The Calvinist form of Protestantism had a major impact on the formation of the modern world.
o In 1536, he wrote the “Institutes of Christian Religion", which became the most influential formulation of Protestant theology ever written

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Ulrich Zwingli

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o Born in 1484 — died in 1531
o He began as a Catholic priest, but his humanist-inspired Bible study convinced him that Catholic theology conflicted with the Gospels.
o The most important reformer in the Swiss Protestant Reformation
o Like Martin Luther, he accepted the supreme authority of the Scriptures, but he applied it more thoroughly and comprehensively to all doctrines and practices
o Founder of the form of Protestantism known as Zwinglianism
o In 1522, he condemned religious images and hierarchal authority, and set out to reform the church, after which Switzerland accepted much of his religious reforms.

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Indulgence

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o Started in 6th century, Catholic church would grant sinners indulgences so that they could avoid or reduce the punishment of sin
o Forgiveness can only be obtained through confession
o In 14th century, you could just buy Indulgences from the clergy for forgiveness
o Protestant reformation brought an end to Indulgence

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Martin Luther

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o Born in 1483 — died in 1546
o German theologian and religious reformer and German monk
o Catalyst of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation.
o One of the most influential figures in the history of Christianity.
o Followers of his beliefs are called Lutherans
o He criticized the Pope for selling indulgences
o In 1517, he wrote 95 thesis stating faults of the church to dismantle the principle of indulgences and nailed them to church doors
o He taught to trust in Jesus and trust in the Bible; He also taught that salvation is not earned by good deeds but only received as a gift of god’s grace

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Salvation by Faith

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o Known as the doctrine of justification by faith alone – Sola Fide
o Proposed by Martin Luther
o In Lutheran belief, justification occurs through faith in Christ's righteousness and is a demonstration of God's grace.
o Doctrine that distinguished most protestant denomination from Catholicism
o Emphasizes god's pardon for guilty sinners is granted and received through having faith and trusting god

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Prince Henry the Navigator

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o Born in 1394 – died in 1460
o Portuguese prince
o Noted for his support of voyages of discovery among the Madeira Islands and along the western coast of Africa.
o The nickname Navigator, although he never embarked on any voyages only directed
o Henry was the son of King John I
o Two main goals: Find ocean route around Africa to Asia – Locate source of gold in Africa

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Conquistador

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o From 15 – 17th Century
o Conquistador means "Conqueror"
o Members in the Spanish conquest of America, especially of Mexico and Peru
o In 1519, contributed to the destruction of the Aztec empire
o In 1533, destroyed and conquered the Inca Empire.

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Christopher Columbus

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o Born in 1451— died in 1506
o Italian Explorer
o Navigator and commander of four trans-Atlantic voyages that opened the way for European exploration, and colonization of the Americas
o He is called the “discoverer” of the New World, although the Vikings visited North America five centuries earlier
o Discovered America in 1492
o A Genoese explorer who was financed by the joint monarchs of Spain for his explorations around the world in 1492.