Hd Test 2

Front 1

gssels maturational theory

Back 1

gessel observed and documented patterns in the way children develop, showing that all children go through similar and predicatble sequences, though each child moves through these sequences at thier own pace.

Front 2

gessels theory

Back 2

development is comprised of oth internal and external factors.

these factors include genetics, teperment, personality, learning styles as well as mentel and physical growth.

Front 3

what did gessels theory establish?

Back 3

established normative trends in four areas of growth and development

1. motor

2. adaptive (cognitive)

3. language

4. personal - social

Front 4

growth in infancy

Back 4

very dramatic - infants gain more than half a kilo per month so birth weight is doubled by 5 months. growth is abouut 25cm in the first year and 12cm in the second

Front 5

growth in early childhood (3-5)

Back 5

grow more slowly than infancy, about 5 - 7cm and 2kg growth per year. childrens height strongly correlates with adult size (r=0.8)

Front 6

growth in middle childhood

Back 6

about 5 - 7 cm and 2 - 2.5 kg in growth a year until puberty. children grow more in warmer moths and slows before puberty.

Front 7

what predics individual differences?

Back 7

- genetics

- exersize

- nutrition

- quality of parent - child relationships.

Front 8

nutrition in growth

Back 8

undernutrition is the single most common cause of stunted growth. undernutrition is associated with low intelligence,, poor academic achievement, irratibility and apathy.

Front 9

parent - child relationships.

Back 9

low quality parenting is a key cause of non-organic faliure to thrive.

Front 10

motor development.

Back 10

motor reflexes such as graps are important becuase they aid in a ababys development of fine motor and gross motor movement.

Front 11

elements of motor development

Back 11

- maturation

- motivation

- experience

-practice

not hierarchical but mutually interdependant

Front 12

maturation

Back 12

- not all elements of the brain are opperational at birth

- many brain centers that control movement develop over time

- large muscle systems develop before strated musce systmes.

Front 13

physical changes in adolecents

Back 13

the onset of puberty are a series of physical changes that lead to reprodictive maturity.

includes growth suprts and physiological changes related to increated hormonal activity (bone density, facial oil, sweat glands)

Front 14

physical changes in females

Back 14

puberty - age 7 - 13.5

menarch - first period.

Front 15

physical changes in males

Back 15

puberty - ages 9 - 14.5

spermarche - first ejaculation

Front 16

changes in adolencence cognitive capabilities

Back 16

cortex development : more complex thought

hormonal fluctuations ; changes in emotional displays

risk taking ; loosening of restraints in relation to behaviour

Front 17

motherese

Back 17

parentese, baby talk, caretaker speech, infant directed speech.

Front 18

what does language abiltiy predict?

Back 18

non verbal and verbal ability predicts academic achievement.

poor verbal predicts achademic problems and learning disabilities

Front 19

bronfrenbrenners theory

Back 19

childrens developemtn is influenced by a range of factors within a broad social context. bronfrenbrenners ecological systems theory explains child developemtn by examining the chid, thier immediate envronments and the influences of other contexts that may or may not involve the child.

Front 20

microsystem

Back 20

the activities, relationships, ad roles in the childs immediate settings of home, child care, school, church and community.

Front 21

messosystem

Back 21

is made up of the interrelations between the different components of the microsystem such as the connection between homee and schools or home and childcare.

Front 22

exosystem

Back 22

settings that do not usually contain the child by impact on the childs relations with others and thier developement.

Front 23

macrosystem

Back 23

the collective beliefes, values, laws and customs of society within which the child lives.

Front 24

chronosystem

Back 24

the changes in the hcilds environment over time. may be externally or internally imposed.

Front 25

bidirectional and reciprocal relationships

Back 25

family relationships are both bidirectional and reciprocal. noth adult and child influence eachothers behaviour.