Hcom 242 Ch.1 Terms

Front 1

What is communication?

Back 1

is the process by which two or more people share information , including facts , thoughts, ideas and feelings

Front 2

Communication involves two main players which are?

Back 2

A sender and receiver , also four processes

Front 3

What are the four processes involved in

communication?

Back 3

1. formulation

2. transmission

3. reception

4. comprehension

Front 4

What is the sender and receiver's roles?

Back 4

Sender: formulates and then transmits the

information being conveyed

Receiver: Receives and comprehends the informaton

Front 5

What is formulation?

Back 5

Is the process of pulling together one's thoughts or ideas before sharing them with another

Front 6

Give an example of formulation

Back 6

ex) What is the thought or feeling I want to share?

Front 7

Define Transmission

Back 7

is the process of conveying those ideas to

another person , often by speaking , but also by signing , gesturing or writing

Front 8

What is Reception?

Back 8

is the process of receiving information from another person

Front 9

What is comprehension?

Back 9

Is the process of making sense of that information

Front 10

Define Modality

Back 10

Describes the manner in which information is transmitted and received

Front 11

Give an example of modality

Back 11

Speech is the most common modality for humans

Front 12

For people who cannot speak and / or hear (deaf or hard of hearing community) , what would be a prevalent modality?

Back 12

Sign Language is a prevalent modality

Front 13

In literate cultures , what are two common modalities?

Back 13

Reading and Writing

Front 14

What are the 3 essential components of the

model of communication?

Back 14

1. A sender to formulate and transmit a message

2. A receiver to receive and comprehend the message

3. A shared means of communicating

Front 15

Define Feedback?

Back 15

is information provided by the receiver to the sender

Front 16

In effective communication , what is provided by the receiver?

Back 16

Feedback is continually provided by the

receiver and the sender responds to this feedback to maintain the effectiveness of communication process.

Front 17

Communication is active because?

Back 17

Because both the sender and receiver must be fully engaged

Front 18

Define Linguistic Feedback

Back 18

Includes providing feedback by speaking

Front 19

Give 4 examples of Linguistic feedback

Back 19

1. "I totally agree"

2. "I hear what you are saying"

3. "Wait I don't get it"

4. "mhhm" "uh-oh"

Front 20

Define Nonlinguistic Feedback or

Extralinguistic Feedback

Back 20

Includes the use of eye contact ,

facial expression , posture and proximity

Front 21

What type of feedback may supplement

linguistic feedback or may stand alone?

Back 21

Nonlinguistic Feedback

Front 22

What is Paralinguistic Feedback?

Back 22

Includes the use of pitch , loudness and pausing , all of which are superimposed on linguistic feedback

Front 23

Feedback is used by the sender and receiver to prevent a?

Back 23

Communication breakdown from occurring

Front 24

5 year old: i am totally karate

Mom: Um , karate?

5-year-old: Yeah , I'm karate. That means I'm so cool

Mom (nodding): Oh , yes , you are very karate

Back 24

- you should be able to find a communication breakdown , centered on the word karate, which the sender used and the receiver did not understand

- B/c the receiver gave the sender prompt feedback , the sender was able to repair the breakdown by indicating that karate mean "very cool" = conversational repair

Front 25

What are the 7 Halliday communication functions?

Back 25

1. instrumental communication

2. Regulatory communication

3. Interactional communication

4. Personal communication

5. Heuristic communication

6. Imaginative communication

7. Informative communication

Front 26

What is instrumental communication?

Back 26

used to ask for something

Front 27

Give an example of instrumental communication?

Back 27

"I would like shrimp , please"

Front 28

What is Regulatory Communication?

Back 28

Used to give directions and to direct others

Front 29

Give an example of regulatory communication

Back 29

"You need to take a right here"

Front 30

What is interactional communication?

Back 30

Used to interact and converse with others in a

social way

Front 31

Give an example of interactional communication

Back 31

"What did you think of the game yesterday"

Front 32

What is personal communication?

Back 32

used to express a state of mind or feelings about something

Front 33

Give an example of personal communication?

Back 33

"I am just furious about this!"

Front 34

What is Heuristic communication?

Back 34

Used to find information and to inquire

Front 35

Give an example of heuristic communication

Back 35

"Do you know when this dam was built"

Front 36

Define imaginative communication

Back 36

used to tell stories and to role-play

Front 37

Give an example of imaginative communication

Back 37

"If I had a million dollars, I would"

Front 38

What is informative communication?

Back 38

Used to provide an organized description of an event or object

Front 39

Give an example of informative

Back 39

"What happened was , we got the game, and then it began to rain"

Front 40

What are the four priniciples known as Grice's maxim's?

Back 40

1. Principle of Quantity

2. Principle of Quality

3. Principle of Relevance

4. Principle of Manner

Front 41

What is principle of quantity?

Back 41

- when we communicate we need to use just the right amount and type of information

- we need to use clear vocabulary and we should not be redundant

Front 42

What is principle of Quality?

Back 42

- When we communicate , we are expected to be accurate and truthful

Front 43

What is principle of relevance?

Back 43

- When we communicate we are to maintain

topic at hand and make contributions that relate to the topic

Front 44

What is principle of manner?

Back 44

- When we communicate , we are to talk at the right pace , taking pauses as needed , but not longer than called for

- we are to use appropriate loudness and pitch and engage in eye contact as expected by

cultural norms

Front 45

Are Grice's maxims always accurate?

Back 45

- these principles of effective communication may vary across the cultures and may be affected by the presence of a communication disorder

Front 46

What are the 3 essential ingredients of human communication that are used for formulation , transmission , reception and comprehension?

Back 46

Language , Speech , Hearing

Front 47

Speech is used for transmission

(true / false)

Back 47

TRUE

Front 48

Hearing is used for transmission

(true / false)

Back 48

FALSE

Front 49

Does Speech , Language and Hearing all describe the same processes?

Back 49

No , although often used synonymously , they

describe very different processes

Front 50

What is language?

Back 50

Describes the cognitive process by which we formulate ideas and thoughts

Front 51

What is Speech?

Back 51

Describes the neuromuscular process by which we turn language into a sound signal that is transmitted through the air (or other medium , like a telephone connection) to a receiver

Front 52

What does speech involve?

Back 52

Involves using voice and articulators ( tongue , lips , tongue , palate) that make sounds to

produce words and sentences

Front 53

Can other species use communication through speech and language?

Back 53

NO ONLY HUMANS

Front 54

The capacities of speech and language allow

humans to ?

Back 54

- they allow them to share remarkably complex ideas and thoughts with one another , a feat that is not possible for other species

Front 55

What is formulation?

What part of communication is involved?

Back 55

- Putting thoughts and ideas into words to share with others

- Involves Language

Front 56

What is transmission?

What part of communication is involved?

Back 56

- Fluently expressing thoughts and ideas to others

- Involves Speech

Front 57

What is Reception?

What part of communication is involved?

Back 57

- Receiving communication sent by another person

- involves hearing

Front 58

What is comprehension?

What does it involve?

Back 58

- interpreting the communication sent by

another person

- involves language

Front 59

What is Language?

Back 59

A socially shared code that uses

conventional system of arbitrary symbols,

including , words and sounds , to represent the world to others

Front 60

Describe Language in 4 words

Back 60

1. socially shared

2. a code

3. conventional system

4. representational tool

Front 61

Give an example of language being socially shared

Back 61

Everyone reading the book of an english text, shares the english language as a means of communicating ideas about communication

* A community of speakers share the same system for communicating their ideas

Front 62

How is a language a code?

Back 62

- ideas about the world are communicating using a set of symbols

- the symbols used in language are words , which are made up of sounds that are

combined in various ways

Front 63

Give an example of language code

Back 63

the code for book involves 3 sounds -- b +oo+k -- blended together to form (book)

Front 64

How is Language a conventional system?

Back 64

- Language follows specific , systematic

conventions ; it is a rule-governed code

-strict rules govern the way a linguistic

community organizes words into sentences and the way sounds are combined to make words

Front 65

Give an example of how conventional system is used in language

Back 65

if a doctor said to you "Need a prescription store go" (you would be aware the some linguistic rules were being violated)

Front 66

How is Language a representational tool?

Back 66

- Language allows to represent our thoughts and ideas to others

Front 67

Language is a tool for ____ (a)

and the only reason humans evolved language was to ____ (b)

Back 67

a) communication

b) communicate

Front 68

What is meant by universality?

who wrote in The Language Instinct?

Back 68

- language is ubiquitous , every human culture has one & sometimes many languages, and all languages are equally complex

- Steven Pinker

Front 69

Define Species Specificity

Back 69

Refers to the fact that although many

nonhuman species are able to communicate , their communication abilities are wholly iconic

Front 70

What are a few 4 remarkable features of

language that attracts scholars?

Back 70

1. Universality

2. Species specificity

3. Productivity

4. Rate of Acquisition

Front 71

What is meant by iconic communication

systems?

give an example

Back 71

- are those in which there is transparent

relation between what is being communicated and how it is being communicated

ex: for instance , purring of cat is a

fairly transparent way to say

"I really like being petted"

(more purring = more petting)

Front 72

What is productivity?

Back 72

is the principal feature of combination ,

specifically the combination of a small number of discrete units into seemingly infinite novel creations

Front 73

Give an example of productivity

Back 73

ex: With a relatively small number of words , humans are capable of creating an almost

infinite variety of sentences , the majority of which no one has ever heard before

Front 74

What is Rate of Acquisition?

Back 74

Is a key achievement of early childhood and many scholars view language development as fairly complete by about 5 years of age

- Although the system is continually refined

during middle and later childhood (i.e new words are added to vocab)

Front 75

What years of life are a critical period?

Back 75

first 5 years of life

(after this period , rate of language slows down)

Front 76

Language consists of three

rule-governed domains that together reflect an integrated whole, which includes?

Back 76

1. Content

2. Form

3. Use

Front 77

Define , language domain : Content

Back 77

Refers to the meaning of language , the words we use and the meaning behind them

Front 78

How is Content conveyed?

Back 78

Is conveyed through our vocabulary system , or lexicon , as we select and organize words to

express our ideas or to understand what others are saying

Front 79

Define Form

Back 79

Is how words , sentences , and sounds are

organized and arranged to convey content

Front 80

Define Use

Back 80

is how language is used functionally to meet personal and social needs

Front 81

Analyze the sentence "Daddy's cup" spoken by 2 year old Dakota

using content?

Back 81

* This sentence can be analyzed by its content , form and use

Content: is the words Dakota selected from her vocabulary

- concepts expressed here include

Daddy's ownership & an object

used to hold liquid / drink from

Front 82

Analyze the sentence "Daddy's cup" spoken by 2 year old

using form?

Back 82

Form: is how these concepts are conveyed by

organizing sounds ( 8 sounds used)

- by manipulating word structure ('s is added to daddy to convey

Front 83

What is Metalinguistic awareness?

Back 83

- Process by which we make language the

object of attention

- using language to think/analyze

Front 84

Give an example of using metalinguistic

awareness?

Back 84

"her did it" (does not communicate ,but we have enough awareness of semantics) =

metalinguistic awareness

Front 85

Analyze the sentence "Daddy's cup" spoken by 2 year old , with the domain use?

Back 85

- use is how the content and forms function

within a social routine

- in this case ,Dakota says "Daddy's cup" while pointing to a cup sitting on a table

Front 86

A slightly more refined description of language dimensions includes 5 domains called?

Back 86

1. Semantics

2. Syntax

3. Morphology

4. Phonology

5. Pragmatics

Front 87

Which two of the 5 domains are synonymous with the domains of content and use?

Back 87

Semantics and Pragmatics are synonymous with the domains content and use

Front 88

The domains of syntax , morphology and phonology reflect three elements of?

Back 88

Form

Front 89

What is Semantics (content)?

Back 89

Refers to the rules of language governing the meaning of individual words and word combinations

* What is it we are talking about

Front 90

Give an example of Semantics?

Back 90

- Our knowledge of semantics tells us something is wrong with the sentence