Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
169 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What island does Odysseus wash up on? Who rules this island? |
- Scheria
- King Alcinous |
|
|
Which sea-goddess helps Odysseus after he swims for 3 days? |
Leucothea |
|
|
Who does Athena visit in a dream? What does Athena advise her to do? |
- Nausicaa - Do laundry the next day |
|
|
Who awakens Odysseus while he is sleeping on the shore? |
- Nausicaa and her friends |
|
|
Who does Odysseus seek out when he arrives back in Ithaca? |
Eumaeus, his swineheard, who doesn't recognize him |
|
|
Who is Penelope the wife of? What is she under pressure to do? |
- Wife of Odysseus (& Tyndareus' niece) - Under pressure to abandon Odysseus and marry someone else |
|
|
Who is in danger by the suitors? Where do they go to find information about Odysseus? |
- Telemachus (Odysseus' son) - Sparta and Pylos |
|
|
Who recognizes Odysseus while he is disguised as a beggar? What happens to this person/thing? |
- Argus the Dog - Dies of an excitement induced heart attack |
|
|
Who abuses Odysseus when he enters the palace? |
Antinous and the suitors |
|
|
Penelope promised to marry one of the suitors after completeing what? |
weaving a burial shroud for Laertes |
|
|
Who washes the beggars (Odysseus') feet? What does he/she notice about the beggar? How does the beggar respond? |
- Nurse Euryclea - Scar on the beggars thigh (realizes it is Odysseus) - He threatens to kill her if she tells anyone |
|
|
What contest does contest does Athena encourage Penelope to hold to choose a suitor? |
- See who can string Odysseus' bow & shoot arrow through 12 axe handles |
|
|
Who wins the contest that Penelope held? |
- The beggar (Odysseus) |
|
|
What does the beggar (Odysseus) do after winning Penelopes contest? |
- Kills all 108 suitors |
|
|
What motif is displayed when Odysseus kills the 108 suitors? How is this motif often overcome? What type of setting is this in? |
- Dragon combat - Using a trick - At a drunk banquet |
|
|
In Mesopotamian myth and in Hesiod, stories such as Odysseus' represent what? |
- Triumph of order over disorder - Life and progress over death |
|
|
What are 2 examples of ambiguous females in the Odyssey? What do they try and do? |
- Gaea - Rhea - Conspire with Zeus & Cronus to establish new order |
|
|
Calypso & Circe are examples __________ and __________ females. |
Dangerous and seductive |
|
|
What does Circe threaten to do to the hero? |
Castrate him |
|
|
What does Calypso promise? |
Immortality but also death |
|
|
Who are the 3 positive female relationships in Odysseus' story? |
1. Athena 2. Penelope 3. Nausicaa |
|
|
Who is the ideal woman in the Homeric world? |
- Penelope |
|
|
Who can Odysseus be contrasted with? |
Agamemnon and Telemachus with Orestes |
|
|
Near the beginning of the Odyssey, who does Zeus cite when laying the blame for human misery? What did this person do? |
- Clytemnestra - Gave in to sexual desire, committed adultery, killed her husband |
|
|
How does Penelope confirm that the beggar is actually Odysseus? |
- Gets the nurse to prepare the bed Odysseus made - The beggar (Odysseus) tells Penelope the secrets of the bed |
|
|
Roman myth was informed by __________ __________? |
Greek myth |
|
|
Romans had no ________ ________ and almost no ________ ________? |
- creation myths - divine myths |
|
|
Roman myth = Roman ________ = early Roman ________? |
- Roman legend - early Roman history |
|
|
What/where did the Roman empire start as? |
small village on the Tiber river |
|
|
What year was the Roman empire traditionally founded in? |
753 BCE |
|
|
What does Roman contact with the Greeks & Phoenicians represent? |
acceptance and assimilation of cultural aspects from other societies |
|
|
What was the Capitol in Ancient Rome known for/as? |
- religious centre - centre of prestige |
|
|
What are the 4 major areas in Ancient Rome? |
- Capitol - Palatine - Isola Tiberina - Forum Boarium |
|
|
What was the Forum Boarium known as? |
a cattle market |
|
|
What type of government was Rome originally ruled by? What happened to this government? |
- Etruscan monarchy - Overthrown & replaced with republic in 509 BCE |
|
|
What does "senex" (Senate) mean? |
means "old man" |
|
|
What did Consuls do in Rome? |
- alternate days at war - alternate who is in charge |
|
|
What is the Fasces? |
consular symbol for power of imperium (is an axe) |
|
|
What is Imperium? |
power to command army and enforce the law |
|
|
Who accompanied the consuls and dictator? |
12 Lictors carrying the Fasces |
|
|
How did Patrician families justify their monopoly on power? |
created legendary traditions about their ancestors |
|
|
Who used the Plebeians to rise to power? What was this person named by the senate? |
- Julius Caesar - Hostis (public enemy) |
|
|
What did Julius Caesar do that caused a civil war against Pompey (Neptune) to ensue?
|
Crossed the Rubicon River |
|
|
What was Caesar eventually named? Who assassinated Julius Caesar following this? |
- Dictator for life - Marcus Brutus |
|
|
Who is the legendary founder of the Roman Republic? Who claimed descent from this person? |
- Lucius Junius Brutus - Marcus Brutus |
|
|
Who did Octavian claim to be a descendant of? |
Venus |
|
|
Who did Caesars army rally under to defeat the senatorial army? |
- Mark Antony - Octavian |
|
|
What did Octavian do after he had a falling out with Mark Antony? |
Octavian became Augustus, Rome's first emperor |
|
|
Indigenous Roman deities tended to be __________ with only the power of ________ or ________? |
- tended to be personification
- power of assent or dissent |
|
|
What were Roman deities called? What could these deities do? |
- Numina - inhabit any object and can be petitioned |
|
|
What is do ut des?
|
- transactional nature of Roman religion (reciprocity system/sacrificial system) |
|
|
What is a sacrificium? |
ceremony where exchange were made with deities |
|
|
How was the will of the numina discerned? What were the priests called that determined what the numina were saying? |
- through Divination - Pontifex |
|
|
What/who was Janus? |
numen of bridges |
|
|
What did Augustus close in 30 BCE after they had been open for more than 200 years? |
gate of Janus |
|
|
What did Augstus see the usefulness of? What did he use this for? |
- Poetry - communicating ideals, aims, justification or his power |
|
|
After coming into contact with Greek poetic conventions, Roman poets began to equate ________ with ________ ________? |
equate numina with Greek gods |
|
|
Who is Jupiter etymologically linked with? What manifestations was Jupiter worshipped in? |
- Zeus - rain, lightning, eagle (associated with Roman power) |
|
|
Juno (numen of women & childbirth) is linked to which Greek god? |
Hera |
|
|
Ceres (wheat) is linked to which Greek god? |
Demeter |
|
|
Diana (spirit of the woods, associated with women & childbirth) is linked to which Greek god? |
Artemis |
|
|
Mercury (merchandise) is a direct import of which Greek? |
Hermes |
|
|
Mars (flocks & god of war) linked to which Greek god? |
Ares |
|
|
Minerva (numen of handicrafts) linked to? |
Athena |
|
|
Liber (god of wine) linked to? |
Dionysus |
|
|
Faunus (numen of terror of the dark forest) linked to? |
Pan |
|
|
Venus (associated with springs, water, fertility) linked to? |
Aphrodite |
|
|
Hercules linked to? |
Heracles |
|
|
Dis (god of death, short for dieus = rich) linked to? |
Pluto |
|
|
What are Lar (plural Lares)? |
Roman protective spirits worshipped at crossroads |
|
|
What happened every year at the Lararium? What was this a substitute for? |
- hang doll for each family member and ball of wool for every slave
- substitute for human sacrifice |
|
|
What were Penates? |
spirits of the storehouses |
|
|
What does penus mean?
What did this become associated with? |
- cupboard
- associated with the welfare of the state |
|
|
Who was Vesta equated to? What were these beings associated with? |
- Hestia - associated with the hearth & health of the state |
|
|
What did the six Vestal Virgins do? What was the punishment for taking the virginity of a vestal virgin? |
- tended to the fire that Aeneas brought back from Troy - taking the virginity is punishable by death |
|
|
Who was one of Augustus' top poets? What famous poem did he start writing but never finish? |
- Vergil - the Aeneid |
|
|
Which Trojan Prince (son of Anchises & Venus) was destined to survive the Trojan War and establish the Roman people in Italy? |
- pius Aeneas |
|
|
Where does Aeneas stop while sailing from Troy? What prophecy is he told by a harpy on this island? |
- Strophades - he will wander until "hunger will make them eat their tables" |
|
|
Who attacks Aeneas in Siciliy? |
Polyphemus |
|
|
After sailing for 7 years, where does Aeneas arrive? Who rules this island? |
- Carthage - Dido |
|
|
Why were Rome and Carthage enemies? |
- Aeneas & Dido fall in love - Aeneas leaves Dido - Dido commits suicide |
|
|
When Aeneas arrives in Italy, who does he consult? What does this person tell him? |
- Sibyl (oracle) - tells him he must travel to the underworld |
|
|
How does Aeneas get past Cerberus in the underworld? |
Sibyl drugs Cerberus with a honey cake |
|
|
What is Aeneas shown while he is in the underworld? Who does he encounter while he is in the underworld? |
- Sibyl shows famous sinners - Anchises shows glorious Romans - Dido |
|
|
What does Aeneas do when he returns from the underworld? |
sails North to the mouth of the Tiber River |
|
|
Who rules Latium? What is the name of this person's daughter? Who is she married to? |
- Latinus - Lavinia - Turnus (king of local Rutulians) |
|
|
Latinus receives oracular advice which tells him to do what? |
marry his daughter to a foreigner (Aeneas) |
|
|
What are Rutulians? |
indigenous Italians |
|
|
Who does Aeneas make an alliance with? What does Aeneas promise to do for this person? |
- Evander - look after his son Pallas |
|
|
Who does Turnus kill in battle? What does he take from this person? |
- kills Pallas - takes his sword-belt |
|
|
Aeneas faces Turnus in battle and wounds him. Turnus begs for his life, but Aeneas kills him. Why did he decide not to let him live? |
- saw Turnus wearing Pallas' sword-belt |
|
|
Who is the father of Romulus and Remus? |
Mars |
|
|
What did Ascanius (Aeneas' son) found?
What happened 12 generations after this? |
- founded royal dynasty at Alba Longa
- Romulus and Remus were born |
|
|
Which 2 people fight for the throne of the Silvian Dynasty? |
Numitor and Amulius |
|
|
What happens to Numitor? |
- driven into exile - sons are all killed - his daughter Rhea Silvia forced to become Vestal Virgin |
|
|
Who is the father of Rhea Silvia? What happens to Rhea Silvia? |
- Numitor - becomes a Vestal Virgin - gives birth to twins - says that Mars is the father |
|
|
What happens to Rhea after she speaks out? |
- she is thrown in a dungeon - her babies (Romulus & Remus) are thrown into Tiber River |
|
|
How do Romulus & Remus survive after being thrown in the river? |
they are suckled by a she-wolf |
|
|
Who is Remus handed over to after being captured by bandits? |
- Amulius (his hated uncle) - who then hands him over to Numitor |
|
|
Remus and Romulus conspire and do what? |
kill Amulius to return their grandfather (Numitor) to the throne |
|
|
Remus and Romulus settle around where they were exposed as infants. How many of Romes hills do they occupy? |
2 of 7 |
|
|
What are the 2 versions of Remus' death? |
1. Remus killed as the twins battled 2. Romulus kills Remus after Remus jumps over Romulus' half finished city wall |
|
|
Who is Rome named after? |
Romulus |
|
|
What plan did Romulus come up with to bring women to Rome? How did they go about doing this? |
- kidnapping women from neighbouring town - Romans held festival, invite neighbours - Romans seized Sabine women at festival |
|
|
The Sabine king declared war on the Romans which dragged on for years. What is the name of the Sabine king? |
Titus Tatius |
|
|
Who helped the Sabine women by showing them back up the Capitoline hill? Why did they do this? |
- Tarpeia - either fell in love with a Sabine or was bribed |
|
|
What did Tarpeia ask for in return for helping the Sabine women?
What did the Sabine women do? |
- asked for what is on their left arm (gold braclets) - Tarpeia crushed under the weight of Sabine shields (also on their left arm) |
|
|
What did the Sabine women do on the day of the decisive battle? |
rushed in and begged the husbands and brothers not to kill each other |
|
|
How did the Romans and Alba Longa decide to settle/end their war?
|
3-on-3 combat between Horatii (Romans) and Curiatii (Alba) |
|
|
Who is the victor of the Horatii and Curiatii battle? What does he do after his victory? |
- Horatius - kills his sister who is mourning the death of a Curiatii |
|
|
What is Horatius' punishment for murdering his sister? |
forced to walk beneath a yoke |
|
|
Who is Tullia the daughter of? |
Servius Tullius |
|
|
What did Tullia and Tarquin (Tullia's brother in law) conspire to do? Why did they do this? |
- Kill each others husband/wife - Kill King Servius Tullius - they wanted to rule Rome together |
|
|
How was Servius Tullius killed? |
- Pushed down the stairs by Tarquin - Driven over with a carriage by Tullia |
|
|
Who was the final king of Rome? |
Tarquin "the Proud" |
|
|
Who is the son of Tarquin the Proud? Who does he fall in love with? |
- Sextus Tarquin - Lucretia |
|
|
What does Lucretia do after Sextus Tarquin rapes her?
Who is there and promises to drive out the monarchy? |
- tells family and friends what Sextus did, then kills herself - Lucius Junius Brutus swears to drive out the monarchy |
|
|
Who are the 2 founders of the Roman repbulic? Who is the first consul? |
- Lucius Junius Brutus & Tarquin Collatinus - Tarquin Collatinus |
|
|
Who raised an army to help restore Tarquin to the throne? |
Lars Porsenna, the Etruscan king |
|
|
Who made a stand while the bridge over the Tiber river was destroyed? |
Horatius Cocles |
|
|
What does Horatius Cocles swimming back across the river in his armour represent? |
model of Roman bravery |
|
|
Who snuck into Lars Porsenna's camp and killed his secretary? What did he do that caused Lars Porsenna to give up the attack and retreat? |
- Mucius Scaevola - burned off his right hand in a fire |
|
|
A major theme in Greek mythology (particularily heroic myth) is? |
- evasion of death |
|
|
Who are the 3 important figures that travel to the underworld? |
- Odysseus - Orpheus - Aeneas |
|
|
What outside forces did the Greeks believe influenced death? |
- natural phenomena - enemies in battle - gods, sorcerers, and priests manifested as diseases |
|
|
A theme seen in the Illiad is that Gods do what to/for humans? |
- gods protect and harm humans at their will |
|
|
What did the Greeks believe happened to individuals after death? |
- they existed, but in a diminished form |
|
|
What did the Greeks believe distinguished the living from the dead? |
- breath (soul was associated with breath) |
|
|
What customs resulted from trying to ward off the anger of the dead? |
- bury/burn valued possessions w/ the dead - women wear mourning clothes, hair messy, beat/scratch faces & breasts |
|
|
Ghosts were considered unintelligent and easily confused. This made Hermes role as __________ so important. |
- Psychopompos |
|
|
What is the Athenian festival called where the dead were permitted to mingle with the living? |
- Anthesteria |
|
|
Which literature gives us our first detailed look at popular Greek belief regarding death? |
- Odyssey |
|
|
Who does Circe instruct Odysseus to receive advice from in the underworld? |
- Tiresias |
|
|
What did Hera do to Tiresias? How did Zeus help compensate Tiresias? |
- Hera blinded him - Zeus gave prophecy and a long life |
|
|
What does Odysseus offer when he arrives in the underworld? |
- water, wine, barley, milk, sheep (sacrifice) |
|
|
Who does Odysseus meet when he is in the underworld? |
- Elpenor (first crewman) - Anticlea (his mother) - Tiresias - Achilles - Heracles |
|
|
Who is fated to end up in the Elysian Fields in the underworld? |
- Menelaus (because he is son-in-law of Zeus) |
|
|
Who are some notorious sinners presented to Odysseus and Aeneas when they are in the underworld? |
1. Tantalus (served his son Pelops to gods) 2. Sisyphus 3. Ixion (tried to rape Hera) 4. Tityus (tried to rape pregnant Leto) |
|
|
What was Tantalus' punishment in the underworld? |
stuck in swamp, but could not drink the water, and fruit above his head eternally out of reach |
|
|
What was Sisyphus' punishment in the underworld? |
eternally roll boulder up hill only to have it end up at the bottom again |
|
|
What was Ixion's punishment in the underworld? |
bound to flaming wheel that endlessly turns |
|
|
What was Tityus' punishment in the underworld? |
tied down while vultures peck at his liver |
|
|
Who was the first 'rock-star'?
|
- Orpheus |
|
|
Who was Orpheus in love with? Who tried to rape her? How did she die? |
- Eurydice - Aristaeus - bite by snake while running through field |
|
|
Upon what condition did Hades agree to let Eurydice out of the underworld? |
- Orpheus could not look back while leaving the underworld |
|
|
What did Orpheus invent after losing Eurydice? |
male homosexuality |
|
|
What religion sprang up about Orpheus and the knowledge he gained from the underworld? What did these teachings offer? |
- Orphism - Salvation |
|
|
Platonic philosophy and Orphism had an important influence on what? |
Christianity |
|
|
Reincarnation was part of Orphic teachings. What was this called? |
- Metempsychosis |
|
|
Why must Aeneas descend to the underworld? |
to speak with his father before founding Roman race in Italy |
|
|
Who must Aeneas find to act as his guide? |
Sibyl of Cumae (former lover of Apollo) |
|
|
What must Aeneas pick after finding his guide for the underworld? What does he use this item for? |
- golden bough - pay Charon the ferryman in the underworld |
|
|
Who does Aeneas encounter while he is in the underworld? |
- Dido - infamous sinners - great future Romans |
|
|
Who shows Aeneas the great Romans waiting to be reborn in the underworld? |
- Anchises (his father) |
|
|
What are the 2 gates of dreams to the upper world? What types of dreams do each gate present? |
1. Horn Gate (true dreams) 2. Ivory Gate (false dreams) |
|
|
Which gate does Anchises guide Aeneas and Sibyl through? |
- Ivory Gate (false dreams) |
|
|
Which son of a titan castrated his father with a sickle? |
Cronus |
|
|
Who sprang fully armed from the head of Zeus? |
Athena |
|
|
Who did Demeter try to make immortal? |
Demophoon |
|
|
Who is the father of Athena's foster-child Erichthonius? |
Hephaestus |
|
|
Which human princess, the mother of Dionysus, was burned to cinders when she asked to see Zeus in his true divine form? |
Semele |
|
|
According to the Homeric Hymn toAphrodite, which three goddesses areforever immune to Aphrodite’s power? |
Hestia, Athena, Artemis |
|
|
Who is the mother of Artemis and Apollo? |
Leto |
|
|
Who did Perseus save that was chained to rock? She later became his bride. |
Andromeda |
|
|
When a woman died suddenly in child-birth, she was said to be "struck by an arrow of _________"? |
Artemis |
|
|
Who is the author of the play The Bacchae? |
Euripides |
|
|
What city was Demeter worshipped at? |
Eleusis |
|
|
Upon his apotheosis Heracles’ was giventhis personification of youth for a bride: |
Hebe |
|
|
What was the name of the temple where the final myseries of Demeter were held at Eleusis? |
Abyton
|
