Geology

Front 1

Which of the following statements about a scientific theory is not true?
a. It is an explanation for some natural phenomena.
b. It has a large body of supporting knowledge.
c. It is testable.
d. It is conjecture or guess.
e. None of the above

Back 1

D

Front 2

The Big Bang took place approximately _______ years ago.

Back 2

15 billion

Front 3

The age of the universe is estimated by _______.

Back 3

the rate at which galaxies are moving away from one another

Front 4

The zone between the core and the crust is called what?

Back 4

mantle

Front 5

Earth's core is probably _______.

Back 5

composed mostly of iron and nickel

Front 6

The first person to suggest that all of the continents had originally been joined together as the supercontinent Pangaea was who?

Back 6

Alfred Wegener, 1912

Front 7

The principle reason Wegener's theory was rejected was due to his failure to do what?

Back 7

to explain how continental crust could move through oceanic crust

Front 8

Glacially deposited strata were important in the development of continental drift theory because ____.

Back 8

the glacial deposits indicated that all of the southern continents must have been closer to the South Pole and contiguous

Front 9

That the northern continents were once joined and located along the equator was shown by what?

Back 9

the coal-age plant fossils of North America and Europe

Front 10

Which of the following was not evidence for Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis?

Back 10

paleomagnetic striping of the oceanic crust

Front 11

If the continents were once joined together, rocks and mountain ranges on the margins of each should have _______.

Back 11

a. formed under the same conditions
b. formed the same sequences
c. formed at the same time
d. the same structural trends and forces
Correct Response
e. all of the above

Front 12

What do studies of paleomagnetism document?

Back 12

how the Earth's magnetic poles have varied through time

Front 13

Ocean crust is youngest where?

Back 13

the crests of mid-ocean ridges

Front 14

The Principle of Uniformitarianism is based on the idea that modern processes have operated throughout geologic time.

Back 14

True

Front 15

The two types of crust are known as lithospheric and oceanic.

Back 15

False

Front 16

What are the three types of tectonic plate boundaries?

Back 16

divergent, convergent, and transform

Front 17

Earth has been continuously changed through its 4.6 billion year existence.

Back 17

True

Front 18

Magnetic reversals are not recorded in the sea floor.

Back 18

False

Front 19

What are the three types of rock in the rock cycle?

Back 19

Igneous rocks, Sedimentary rocks, and Metamorphic rocks

Front 20

How does the plate tectonic theory differ from continental drift?

Back 20

Continental drift is the theory that the continents were joined into a single landmass that broke apart with the continents moving with respect to one another, yet failed to explain the driving force. Plate Tectonic theory holds that large lithospheric plates move relative to one another caused by slab pull, ridge push, and mantle convection.
Correct answer: Continental drift does not have the driving of plates being created at spreading centers, and recycled at subduction zones.

Front 21

What is a mineral?

Back 21

A mineral is a naturally-occurring, inorganic, crystalline solid with a definite chemical composition and characteristic physical properties.

Front 22

How do a rock and a mineral differ?

Back 22

A rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of minerals, while minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic crystalline solids. Rocks are made up of minerals, not vice versa.

Front 23

What are the eight chemical elements that make up over 99 percent of Earth's crust?

Back 23

Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, and Magnesium. (O, Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, K)

Front 24

Why do most minerals, as measured by rock volume, belong to the silicate group?

Back 24

because oxygen and silicon are the two most abundant elements in the crust

Front 25

Diamond and graphite are two minerals with the same chemical composition, but extremely different physical properties. Why is this?

Back 25

Diamond has the luxury of having very strong covalent bonds sharing all four of its outermost electrons with a neighbor to produce a stable noble gas configuration. Graphite has a very weak bond called a van der Waals or residual bond and they are weakly held together in sheets, which is why it was a great choice for writing.
Correct answer: They have different crystal structures

Front 26

Carbon-12 (C12), carbon-13 (C13), and carbon-14 (C14) are all _______ of the element carbon.

Back 26

isotopes

Front 27

C12 has 6 protons. How many protons does C13 have?

Back 27

6

Front 28

How many neutrons does C13 have?

Back 28

7

Front 29

Nitrogen-14 (N14) has 6 protons and 8 neutrons

Back 29

False

Front 30

What is an atom?

Back 30

the smallest particle into which an element can be divided while still retaining the chemical characteristics of that element

Front 31

Which of the following are all examples of minerals?

Back 31

copper, ice, quartz, topaz, diamond, corundum

Front 32

How does lava differ from magma?

Back 32

Lava is magma at Earth's surface

Front 33

What is a pluton?

Back 33

a Pluton is an intrusive igneous body that forms when magma cools and crystallizes within the crust, such as a batholith or sill.
Correct answer: body of rock which formed by cooling of magma below Earth's surface

Front 34

What does a glassy texture tell us about the history of an igneous rock?

Back 34

A glassy texture informs that the rock cooled very rapidly as the constituent atoms did not have time to become arranged and ordered in a crystalline pattern.
Correct answer: The magma cooled very rapidly

Front 35

Intrusive igneous (plutonic) rocks ______.

Back 35

solidify below the surface of the ground and form by crystallization of magmas intruded into surrounding rocks

Front 36

A dark colored igneous rock with no visible crystals cooled _______.

Back 36

quickly on the Earth’s surface

Front 37

Aphanitic, phaneritic, and porphyritic are textural terms that _______.

Back 37

refer to fine-grained, course-grained, and mixed grained crystal sizes, respectively.
b. refer to formation by slow cooling, fast cooling, and mixed cooling rates, respectively.
c. are indicative of volcanic, plutonic, and mixed plutonic-volcanic origins, respectively.

Front 38

Igneous rocks with a texture that is so fine-grained that the crystals are too small to see is ______.

Back 38

aphanitic

Front 39

The process of assimilation includes the incorporation of felsic country rock.

Back 39

True

Front 40

Match the aphanitic extrusive rock type with its phaneritic intrusive compositional equivalent below.

Back 40

diorite — andesite Correct
granite — rhyolite Correct
gabbro — basalt Correct

Front 41

Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii is huge and has gentle slopes. Mt. Rainier in Washington is tall, with much steeper slopes. Paricutin in Mexico is smaller and has very steep slopes composed of loose pyroclastic material. What type of volcano does each one represent, and what kind of volcanic activity produced it?

Back 41

Mauna Loa is a shield volcano composed of fluid lava flows. Mt. Rainier is a composite volcano made of a combination of lava flows and explosive (pyroclastic) eruptions. Paricutin is a cinder cone made from short-lived pyroclastic activity.

Front 42

What type of eruption is mainly responsible for producing plateau or flood basalts

Back 42

Fissure Eruptions

Front 43

What are the three main types of volcanoes?

Back 43

cinder cones, composite cones, and shield volcanoes

Front 44

The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) is intended to do what?

Back 44

document the size of eruptions

Front 45

According to plate tectonic theory, why are there volcanoes in Hawaii?

Back 45

The volcanoes formed over a hot spot.

Front 46

Lavas of ________ composition are more likely to produce lava domes.

Back 46

felsic

Front 47

How do detrital sedimentary rocks differ from chemical sedimentary rocks?

Back 47

Detrital sedimentary rocks are made from the fragments of preexisting rocks. The cement may be new material but otherwise the material forming them predates the formation of the rock. Chemical sedimentary rocks precipitate from a solution; they are made of new material that forms for that rock

Front 48

Define weathering.

Back 48

Weathering is the physical disintegration and/or chemical decomposition of rocks at or near Earth's surface as they are exposed to the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and/or biosphere.

Front 49

How does climate affect soil development?

Back 49

Water and heat accelerate weathering. Soils in dry climates
form more slowly, and tend to be thinner, and may have a
caliche layer. i.e. pedocals. Soils in temperate climates form
faster, so tend to be thicker, with more developed A and B
horizons, such as pedalfers. In very warm wet climates, more
intense weathering results in a laterite soil, leached of the
most soluble elements.

Front 50

Which of the following contribute to weathering?

Back 50

organisms such as worms, bacteria, and trees b. oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air
c. rain water
d. organic acids

Front 51

Which of the following is a means of mechanical weathering?

Back 51

frost wedging
b. pressure release
c. thermal expansion and contraction
d. burrowing and root wedging

Front 52

Chemical weathering is most effective in which of these conditions?

Back 52

warm and humid

Front 53

The important weathering product(s) of hydrolysis of feldspar is (are) ______.

Back 53

clay minerals

Front 54

What is caliche?

Back 54

a layer of precipitated calcium carbonate in horizon B

Front 55

Lithification, the conversion of sediment to sedimentary rock, is a result of what?

Back 55

compaction and cementation

Front 56

The average geothermal gradient near Earth’s surface is what?

Back 56

25oC/km

Front 57

The type of metamorphism that is common in fault zones in which rocks are subjected to high differential pressures is called ____________.

Back 57

dynamic metamorphism

Front 58

Metamorphism takes place _______.

Back 58

in the solid state with or without fluid activity

Front 59

The Agents of Metamorphism are:

Back 59

heat, pressure, and fluid activity

Front 60

What are index minerals used to determine?

Back 60

Index minerals form only within specific temperature and pressure ranges allow geologists to recognize low-, intermediate-, and high-grade metamorphism

Index minerals are used to determine the temperature and
pressure regime a metamorphic rock has been exposed to.

Front 61

Uniformitarionism

Back 61

present day processes have operated throughout geologic time.

Front 62

universe age

Back 62

15 bill

Front 63

earth age

Back 63

4.6bill

Front 64

doppler shift

Back 64

red shift/blue shift primary evidence for when

Front 65

core

Back 65

small solid larger liquid outer iron and nickel

Front 66

mantle

Back 66

solid; asthenosphere near crust elastic

Front 67

crust

Back 67

thick continental, thin oceanic

Front 68

lithosphere

Back 68

crust and upper mantle-brittle

Front 69

earths subsystems

Back 69

biosphere, atmosphere, lythosphere, hydrosphere, mantle & core

Front 70

laurasia

Back 70

north

Front 71

gondwana

Back 71

south

Front 72

glossopteris fern

Back 72

pangaea plant

Front 73

avg rate of plate motion

Back 73

determined by dividing the distance from an oceanic ridge axis to any magnetic anomaly in the crust of the seafloor by the age of that anomaly

Front 74

driving mechanism of plate tectonics

Back 74

slab pull and ridge push and mantle convection= gravity + heat

Front 75

boulder

Back 75

>256mm

Front 76

cobble

Back 76

64-256mm

Front 77

gravel/pebble/granule

Back 77

2-32mm

Front 78

sand

Back 78

62.5um-2mm

Front 79

silt

Back 79

3.9-62.5um

Front 80

clay

Back 80

1-3.9um

Front 81

colloid

Back 81

<1um

Front 82

geology

Back 82

the study of earth also study of planets and moons in our solar system

2types: physical and historical

Front 83

doppler effect

Back 83

change in frequecy caused by movement of the wave's source relative to the observer

Front 84

minerals

Back 84

naturally occuring inorganic crystalline solids that have definite physical chemical properties

Front 85

igneous rock

Back 85

rock formed by cooling and crystallization of magma or lava or the consolidation of pyroclastic materials

Front 86

metamorphic rock

Back 86

rock that has been changed from its original condition by heat, pressure, and the chemical activity of fluids, as in marble and slate

Front 87

sedimentary rock

Back 87

rock composed of sediment such as limestone and sandstone

Front 88

organic evolution

Back 88

present day organisms are related and have descended with modifications from organisms that lived in the past

Front 89

rock cycle

Back 89

look at it

Front 90

evidence for continental drift

Back 90

continental fit, similarity of rock sequences and mountain ranges, glacial evidence, fossil evidense(glossopteris)

No why to be accepted

Front 91

paleomagnetism

Back 91

remnant magnetism in ancient rocks recording direction and intensity of earths magnetic poles

Front 92

curie point

Back 92

temp at which iron bearing minerals gain their magnetism

Front 93

7 major plates

Back 93

eurasian, Indian-australian, antarctic, north american, south american, pacific, and african

Front 94

ophiolites

Back 94

sequences of rock on land consisting of deep sea sediment, oceanic crust, and upper mantle. - used to recognize ancient convergent plate boundaries

Front 95

wilson's supercontinent cycle

Back 95

500 million years together and seperate

Front 96

alfred wegener

Back 96

continental drift

Front 97

pacific spreads ________ and is _________ than the atlantic

Back 97

faster, younger

Front 98

plate near oregon

Back 98

juan de fuca plate

Front 99

trenches closer to...

Back 99

land

Front 100

ind. volcanos located...

Back 100

along trench lines

Front 101

volcanoes closer to

Back 101

edge of continent

Front 102

mineral

Back 102

inorganic naturally occuring crystalline solid with narrowly defined chemical composition and characteristic physical properties

Front 103

ionic bonding

Back 103

bond between + ions and - ions

Front 104

covalent bonds

Back 104

electron shells overlap and electrons shared

Front 105

metallic bonding

Back 105

extreme electron sharing

Front 106

van der waals

Back 106

week bonds

Front 107

isolated tetrahedra

Back 107

olivine

Front 108

continuous chains of tetrahedra

single chain

Back 108

pyroxene group (augite)

Front 109

continuous chains of tetrahedra

double chain

Back 109

amphibole group (hornblende)

Front 110

continuous sheets

Back 110

micas (muscovite)

Front 111

three dimensional networks

Back 111

quartz, potassium feldspars, plagioclase feldspars

Front 112

silica

Back 112

combonation of silicon and oxygen

Front 113

silica tetrahedral

Back 113

basic building block of all silicate minerals

Front 114

silicates

Back 114

contains silica

Front 115

2 subgroups of silicates

Back 115

ferromagnesian silicates and nonferromagnesian silicates

Front 116

ferromagesian silicates

Back 116

contain iron, magnesium, or both

Front 117

nonferromagnesian silicates

Back 117

lack iron and magnesium. commonly light colored and less dense. most common minerals on earths crust(feldspars)

Front 118

physical properties of minerals

Back 118

luster and color, crystal form, cleavage and fracture, hardness, specific gravity

Front 119

rock

Back 119

solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineral like

Front 120

resource

Back 120

naturally occuring concentration that economically can be extracted

Front 121

reserve

Back 121

only part that can be economically recovered

Front 122

origin of minerals

Back 122

cooling magma, weathering, evaporation of seawater, metamorphism, and organisms using dissolved substances in seawater to build shells

Front 123

felsic

Back 123

> 65% silica

Front 124

mafic

Back 124

< 52% silica

Front 125

intermediate

Back 125

between 52 - 65 % silica

Front 126

viscosity

Back 126

resistance to flow

Front 127

bowens reaction series

Back 127

look at it and draw it

Front 128

assimilation

Back 128

process by which magma reacts with preexisting country rock

Front 129

igneous textures

Back 129

aphanitic, phaneritic, porphyritic

Front 130

aphanitic

Back 130

rapid cooling small grains

Front 131

phaneritic

Back 131

slow cool, large grains

Front 132

porphyritic

Back 132

different particles due to different cooling

Front 133

composition of igneous rocks

Back 133

look at the book pg 94

Front 134

concordant

Back 134

parallel to layering in country rock

Front 135

discordant

Back 135

boundaries cut accross country rock

Front 136

dike

Back 136

tabular sheetlike igneous bodie running discordant

Front 137

sill

Back 137

tabular or sheetlike igneous body running concordant

Front 138

laccolith

Back 138

mushroom like expansion of a sill

Front 139

volcanic pipe

Back 139

connects to underlying magma chamber

Front 140

volcanic neck

Back 140

remnant pipe more resistant to erosion

Front 141

batholith

Back 141

huge pluton 100km2

Front 142

stock

Back 142

small batholith

Front 143

stoping

Back 143

rising magma detaches and engulfs pieces of country rock

Front 144

laterite

Back 144

very wet climate, intense leaching

Front 145

pedocals

Back 145

dry climate little leaching caliche in b

Front 146

pedalfers

Back 146

moist climate moderate leaching

Front 147

sand on top

Back 147

regression

Front 148

lithostatic pressure

Back 148

same on all sides

Front 149

metamorphism types

Back 149

regional, dynamic, contact

Front 150

folliated layers

Back 150

parallel