Geography Urban Teminology

Front 1

Urbanisation

Back 1

Increase in proportion of people living in towns and cities

Hint 1

Fastest rates in LICs

Front 2

Causes of Urbanisation

Back 2

Natural Increase - young people having kids

Rural-Urban migration

Front 3

Opportunities of urban growth

Back 3

Social- better access to services and resources

Economic- more jobs with better wages than rural, industries sell goods internationally ~ profit

Front 4

Challenges of urban growth

Back 4

Social & Economic - badly built housing, overcrowding, unclean, bad access to education (bad jobs in future), unemployment & crime

Hint 4

Environmental - rubbish heaps, bad collection services, air pollution, sewage and toxic chemicals pollute rivers, congestion is pollution

Front 5

Central Business District

Back 5

Main public buildings, train and bus stations, hotels, shops, offices, restaurants and entertainment facilities

Front 6

Inner City

Back 6

Mainly in residential, some businesses, recreational parks, short & parallel roads on a map

Front 7

Rural-urban fringe

Back 7

Farmland and open spaces, new housing developments and large retail and business parks

Front 8

Suburbs

Back 8

Residential areas, semi-detached houses, short curved streets and cul-de-sacs

Front 9

Opportunities of Urban Change

Back 9

Attracts immigrants (multicultural), new investment, CBDs make jobs in many industries, innovative transport for commuters into CBD and more green spaces

Front 10

Economic causes of Uneven Development

Back 10

Poor trade links, lots of debt, economy based of primary products

Front 11

Consequences of uneven development

Back 11

Lower income, lower life expectancy, worse healthcare facilities, higher infant mortality, migration out of the country for higher QOL

Front 12

Challenges of Urban Change

Back 12

Industrial decline decreases wealth and exposed to crime, deprived areas poor access to ****, can destroy greenfield sites, rural-urban fringe under pressure

Front 13

Methods of Sustainable Urban Living

Back 13

Water conservation schemes, energy conservation schemes, creating green spaces and waste recycling

Front 14

Challenges of Traffic Congestion

Back 14

Environmental- air pollution

Economic- late for work, delay deliveries

Social- higher risk of accidents, frustration and bad health (enviro)

Front 15

Managing Traffic Congestion

Back 15

Use public transport

Manage traffic flow- bus priority lanes, parking restrictions, congestion charge, car sharing + carpool lanes

Front 16

Human Development Index

Back 16

Calculated using life expectancy, education level and income per head

Front 17

Measures of development

Back 17

GNI, HDI, GDP, birth/death rate, infant mortality rate, people per doctor, literacy rate, life expectancy, access to safe water

Front 18

Demographic Transition Model

Back 18

Shows how changing birth and death rates affect population growth

There’s 5 stages linking to variably developed countries (HIC)

Hint 18

Natural in/de crease

Front 19

Physical causes of Uneven Development

Back 19

Poor climate, few raw materials, poor farming land, lots of natural hazards

Front 20

Historical causes of uneven development

Back 20

Colonisation (lowers development e.g remove raw materials) & Conflict

Front 21

Reducing the Global Development Gap

Back 21

Debt relief, tourism (Jamaica), aid as money or resources, fair trade, investment, industrial development, intermediate tech, micro finance loans

Front 22

Primary & Secondary Industry

Back 22

P- Farming, mining, fishing and forestry

S- manufacturing (factories) such as steel, textiles and ships

Front 23

Tertiary and Quaternary Industry

Back 23

T- service sector e.g health care, financial or retail

Q- jobs in research, IT and the media

Front 24

Causes of UK economy change

Back 24

De-industrialisation, Globalisation (overseas manufacturing with headquarters here), Government Policies

Front 25

UK international links

Back 25

Trade, culture, transport, electrical communications, EU, the Commonwealth

Front 26

Water Pollution in the UK

Back 26

Reduces amount available, puts pressure of resources • fertilisers and car pollutants are washed into rivers • chemical and oil spills = bad for ground water

Hint 26

Improve drainage systems and impose regulations on amount and type of fertilisers

Front 27

Issues with exploiting energy sources in the UK

Back 27

Economic- expensive, loose money if market drops, producing renewable and nuclear is high, researching alternative is pricey

Hint 27

Environmental- fossil fuels obvs, fracking pollutes groundwater and earthquakes, spills and baddd, natural ecosystems damaged by wind farms and tidal barrages etc

Front 28

Reasons for increasing water demand

Back 28

Rising population (food also -irrigation) and Economic Development -industrialisation, energy production and rising living standards

Front 29

Factors affecting water availability

Back 29

Physical- climate and geology

Eco and Soc- over abstraction (pop growth,improvements in sanitation), pollution from human and animal waste, limited infrastructure, poverty

Front 30

Reasons for increasing water demand

Back 30

Rising population (food also -irrigation) and Economic Development -industrialisation, energy production and rising living standards

Front 31

Factors affecting water availability

Back 31

Physical- climate and geology

Eco and Soc- over abstraction (pop growth,improvements in sanitation), pollution from human and animal waste, limited infrastructure, poverty

Front 32

Impacts of Water Insecurity

Back 32

Pollution and Disease, food production (irrigation), industrial output -wages and economy, conflict (over water)

Front 33

Increasing Water supply

Back 33

Water Transfer (China), Dams and Reservoirs, Desalination

Front 34

Sustainable Water Supplies

Back 34

Water Conservation, Groundwater Management, Recycling ‘grey’ water